Smart Transformer
Monitoring System
using Esp 32
ABSTRACT
This project presents a smart transformer
monitoring system using NTC thermistor, ESP32,
OLED display, GSM module, and Wi-Fi. The system
continuously measures the transformer’s temperature and
displays it in real-time. If the temperature exceeds a critical
threshold, an alert is shown on the OLED display, an SMS
notification is sent via GSM, and the status can also be
monitored through a web server. This solution aims to
provide early detection of overheating, reducing transformer
failures and increasing safety.
Introduction
Transformers play a vital role in electrical power distribution.
Overheating due to overloading or insulation failure is one of
the main causes of transformerbreakdowns. Traditional
monitoring methods are manual and inefficient. The
proposed system integrates low-cost sensors, GSM
communication, and IoT features to continuously monitor and
alert users in case of abnormal temperature rise.
Block Diagram &
Explanation
ESP32: Processes sensor readings and
communication.
NTC Thermistor: MeasuESP32: Processes sensor
readings and communication.
NTC Thermistor: Measures transformer
temperature.
OLED Display: Shows live data.
GSM SIM800L: Sends SMS alerts.
Wi-Fi (ESP32): Hosts remote web server.
Power Supply: Provides regulated voltages.
Explanation:
The thermistor forms a voltage divider, and its
readings are processed by ESP32 to
calculate temperature. The ESP32 then updates
the OLED display, hosts a web dashboard, and
controls GSM for sending SMS alerts.
The thermistor forms a voltage divider, and its readings are processed by ESP32 to
calculate temperature. The ESP32 then updates the OLED display, hosts a web dashboard, and
controls GSM for sending SMS alerts.
Circuit Diagram
& Explanation
NTC Thermistor → Voltage divider →
ESP32 ADC (GPIO39).
OLED (I2C) → SDA GPIO21, SCL GPIO22.
GSM SIM800L → TX GPIO16, RX GPIO17.
ESP32 powered via regulated 5V or USB.
Explanation:
The ESP32 reads analog values from
the thermistor, processes them into
temperature, and drives the OLED display.
If the threshold is crossed, the ESP32
triggers the GSM module to send SMS
alerts.
Methodology
• 1. Sensor c1. Sensor calibration for accurate temperature
measurement.
• 2. ADC reading and conversion into Celsius using Steinhart-
Hart equation.
• 3. Offset correction for calibration mismatch.
• 4. Data display on OLED.
• 5. Over-temperature detection with threshold comparison.
• 6. Alerting via SMS using GSM module.
• 7. Hosting web server using ESP32 WiFi for real-time
remote monitoring.
• Celsius using Steinhart-Hart equation.
• 3. Offset correction for calibration mismatch.
• 4. Data display on OLED.
• 5. Over-temperature detection with threshold comparison.
• 6. Alerting via SMS using GSM module.
• 7. Hosting web server using ESP32 WiFfor real-time remote monitoring.
Tabulation
Condition Measured Displayed Status Action
temp(C) temp(C)
Normal Load 30 30 Normal Display
only
Moderate 45 45 Normal Display
Load only
Near 59 59 Warning Display
Threshold +
Web
update
Overheating 65 65 Overheat Display
(critical) +
SMS
+
Web
alert
Real-Time Examples
• Monitoring distribution transformers.
• Preventing oil overheating in industries.
• Remote monitoring in substations.
• Smart city predictive maintenance.
Advantages
• Low cost and compact design.
• Real-time local and remote monitoring.
• Automatic SMS alerting for emergencies.
• Simple installation and calibration.
• Prevents costly transformer failures.
Disadvantages
• Depends on mobile network for SMS alerts.
• Thermistor-based sensing is less accurate than
industrial RTDs.
• Requires stable 4V power for GSM module.
Conclusion
The transformer monitoring and alert systeThe transformer
monitoring and alert system provides a reliable and low-cost
solution for preventing overheating damage. By combining
sensor data, OLED display, GSM-based SMS alerts, and IoT web
monitoring, this project ensures continuous supervision of
transformer health. With further improvements such as data
logging and AI-based predictive analytics, this system can be
scaled for industrial applications.
THANK
YOU
