http://www.robots.ox.ac.

uk/~sjrob/Teaching/Vectors/sli
des4.pdf

Vector Analysis

Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim

B.Sc (Honors), M.Sc in Mathematics (CU)
DCSA (BOU), PGD in ICT (BUET), Ph.D. (IU)

Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong

Friday, March 24, 2023

1 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Contents

1. Vector analysis: Scalar and vectors, operation of vectors, vector addition and
multiplication - their applications.
2. Vector components in spherical and cylindrical systems, Dot Product, Cross
Product, Scalar Field, Vector Field
3. Derivative of vectors and problems
4. Del operator: Del operator, gradient, divergence and curl and their physical
significance.
5. Vector Integration: Line Integrals, physical significance of Vector integration and
Problems
6. Vector’s Theorem :Greens, Gauss & Stocks theorem and their applications

2 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Introduction

Physical quantities can be divided into two main groups, scalar quantities and vector
quantities
Scalar Quantities: A Physical Quantity which has magnitude only is called as a Scalar.
Example: Time, Temperature, Mass, Volume are examples of scalars.
That is, the measurement of years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds, and
even milliseconds, A temperature of 15°C, A mass of 0.2 kg, etc.
Vectors: A Physical Quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called as Vector
Examples: velocity, displacement, acceleration, force etc.
Some Examples:
01. A speed of 10 km/h is a scalar quantity, but a velocity of 10 km/h due north is a
vector quantity.
02. A temperature of 1000c is a scalar quantity.
03. The weight of a 7 kg mass is a vector quantity. [ w  mg ]

Vector Notation: Typical notation to designate a vector AB is a boldfaced character or a

character with an arrow on it, or a character with a line under it (i.e, AB , AB , AB).

Figure: 01
 
The Magnitude of a vector: The magnitude of a vector OP or V is its length and is
 
normally denoted by V or V. Given a vector V with tail at the origin O and head

at P( x, y ) , what's its length?

Figure: 02 Figure: 03
According to Pythagoras, the length of the hypotenuse OP is the square root of x 2  y 2 .

3 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
That is, Magnitude of a vector V = its length = OP  V  x 2  y 2

The zero vectors are the vector with zero magnitude that is vector’s length is zero.

Figure # 04 Figure # 05
From figure # 04
  
OA  A x i  A y j

2 2
The length of the vector OA  A x  A y

From figure # 05
    
OA  a  a x i  a y j  a z k
 
The length of the vector OA  a  a x 2  a y 2  a z 2

Graphical Vector Addition

Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure: 08

4 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Position vector:
In geometry, a position or position vector, also known as location vector or radius vector.
The origin is (0, 0) and the position vector is basically just a straight line drawn from the
origin to some other point.

The position vector is the vector from the origin of the coordinate system O( 0,0) to the
point P( x, y ) . It is shown as the vector op (Figure 09)

Figure: 09 Figure: 10
Q# 01:
Draw the curves:
  
i) G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1]
  
ii) H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1]
 t  
iii) J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
iv) Compute  xy dx , where C is the curve given by
C
 t  
J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
Answer Q # 01:
  
i) G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1]
  
G (0)  0 i  0 j,
  
G (1)  1 i  2 j,
   
 OP  G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1] [Figure # 11]
  
ii) H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1]
  
H(0)  0 i  0 j,
  
H(1)  1 i  2 j,
   
 OP  H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1] [Figure # 11]

5 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 t  
iii) J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
  
J (0)  1 i  2 j,
 2  
J ( 2)  (1  ) i  ( 2  2) j,
2
  
J ( 2)  0 i  0 j,
  t  
 PO  J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2] [Figure # 12]
2
iv) Compute  xy dx , where C is the curve given by
C
 t  
J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
t
Here, x  (1  ) and y  ( 2  t )
2
dx 1
 
dt 2
2 2 2
t dx t 1 t2 1
  xy dx   (1  )( 2  t ) dt   (1  )( 2  t )(  )dt   ( 2  t  t  )(  )dt
C 0
2 dt 0
2 2 0
2 2
2
1 t2 1 t3 2 1 8 2
   ( 2  2t  )dt   ( 2t  t  ) 0   (4  4  )   Answer
2

20 2 2 6 2 6 3

P P

O O
Figure # 11 for G (t) and H (t) Figure # 12 for J (t)

6 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Unit vectors:

A unit vector e is a vector of unit length. A unit vector is sometimes denoted by

replacing the arrow on a vector with a "^" on a boldfaced character (i.e, e ). Therefore,

e 1

Any vector can be made into a unit vector by dividing it by its length.

 u
e

u

  
 u  u e

Any vector u can be fully represented by providing its magnitude and a unit vector along
  
its direction. u  u  e [That is, Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

Vector components:
   
For example, u  u 1  u 2  u 3
  
Where, u 1  u 1 e 1 [ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

  
u2  u2 e2

  
u3  u3 e3

Figure # 14 Figure # 15

7 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


The original vector u can now be written as
   
 u  u1  u 2  u 3
      
 u  u 1 e1  u 2 e 2  u 3 e 3

     
Vectors e1 , e 2 , e 3 are unit vectors and u 1 , u 2 , u 3 are the length of the vectors

  
u 1 , u 2 , u 3 respectively.
 
As for Example: Here, e1 is a unit vector of AB
A 
B

e1 p

Figure 16
A B

e1 
p
Figure 17

AB  6 [From Figure 17]
    
 AB  P  AB e 1  6 e 1 [Any Vector = Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
 
 AB 6e 
 Unit Vector e 1  
 1  e1
6
AB

Y Y

P (2, 3) P (2, 3)
N


j

O M X O i M X
Figure # 18 Figure # 19

8 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

From figure 18
  2
OP   
 3
From figure 19
   
OM  2 i [ OM  2 i =Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
     
ON  MP  3 j [ ON  MP  3 j  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

From,  OMP,
    
OP  OM  MP  2 i  3 j
 
Here, OM  2 , MP  3

 OP  OM 2  MP 2  2 2  3 2  13
 
 OM 2i 
Unit vector of OM  
 i
2
OM
 
  ON 3j 
Unit vector of ON  MP    j
 3
ON
  
  OP 2 i 3 j 2  3 
Unit vector of OP  e  
  i j
OP 13 13 13

  2 3 4 9 13
Magnitude of Unit vector of OP  e  ( )2  ( )2    1
13 13 13 13 13

9 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

P

Figure 20
From figure 20
   
OP  2 i  4 j 6 k

 OP  2 2  4 2  6 2  4  16  36  56
   
  OP 2 i  4 j 6 k 2  4  6 
Unit vector of OP  e  
  i j k
OP 56 56 56 56


Magnitude of Unit vector of OP
 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 16 36 56
 e  ( ) ( ) ( )     1
56 56 56 56 56 56 56

Figure 21
From figure 21
ONP,

10 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

   
OP  A  ON  NP
  
 (OX  XN)  NP
  
 (OX  OY )  NP
  
 (OX  OY )  OZ
  
 A x i  A y j A z k
and
   2  2  2  2  2  2
2 2 2
A  OP  OP  ON  NP  OX  XN  OZ  Ax  Ay  Az
    
2 2 2
A  A x i  A y j A z k and A  Ax  Ay  Az

Q # 02: Find the unit tangent (slope, tan  , m, rate of change,

  
derivative/differentiation) vector to the graph of r (t )  t 2 i  t 3 j at the point where t
=2

Answer # 02
  
Given, r (t )  t 2 i  t 3 j ---------------------------------------(i)
  
 r ( 2)  4 i  8 j --------------------------------------(ii)
Here x = 4, y = 8
   
 OP  r ( 2)  4 i  8 j [See figure no 22]


The tangent vector will be drawn at (4, 8) which is T( 2)
From (i),
  
r (t )  t 2 i  t 3 j

d r '  
 r (t )  2t i  3t 2 j --------------------------------------(iii)
dt
   
 T(t ) = r ' (t )  2t i  3t 2 j ----------------------------------(iv)
   
 T( 2) = r ' ( 2)  2  2 i  3  2 2 j
    
 Tangent vector: PQ = T( 2) = r ' ( 2)  4 i  12 j ------------(v)

11 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 Unit tangent vector:
   
T( 2) r ' ( 2) 4 i  12 j 4  12  4  12 


 
  i j i j
T( 2) ' 4 2  12 2 160 160 16  10 16  10
r ( 2)

4  12  1  3 
 i j i j
4 10 4 10 10 10
The Figure is following:

.
P (4, 8)

O (0, 0)

Figure: 22
  
When t  1, r (1)  1. i  1. j
  
When t  2, r ( 2)  4. i  8. j
  
When t  3, r ( 3)  9. i  27. j
From (iii),
  
r ' ( t )  2t i  3t 2 j
    
When t  2, r ' ( 2)  2  2 i  3  2 2 j  4 i  12 j Answer

12 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Vector Components:

Figure 23
Here,

OM  Fx , MP  Fy , OP  F

[ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

   
OM  Fx i [ OM  Fx i =Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
   
MP  Fy j [ MP  Fy j = Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
From,  OMP,
     
OP  F  OM  MP  Fx i  Fy j ---------------------(i)
From,  OMP,
OM
 cos 
OP
OM  OP cos 

Fx  F cos  ----------------------------------------------(ii)

From,  OMP,
MP
 sin 
OP
MP  OP sin 

Fy  F sin  ----------------------------------------------(iii)

13 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Projection: Imagine parallel rays of light shining vertically downwards on to the x-axis.
 
The quantity b cos  |; which gives the size of the ‘shadow’ of vector b on the x-axis, is

often termed the projection of b on to the x-axis

Figure: 24 Figure: 25
P


A
N

 M B

O a
Figure: 26

  
Projection of A on B is a
OM
Here, OPM ,  cos 
OP

a
  cos 

A

 
Then, a  A cos 
   
 Projection of A on B is : OM= a  A cos  --------------(i)

14 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


a
  cos  ------------------------------------------------(ii)

A

Again,

OP  A


ON  B

Again,
   
A . B  A B cos 
 
A. B 
 
 A cos 
B
 
 A. B
 A cos   
-----------------------------(iii)
B

From (i) & (iii),

 
  A. B
 Projection of A on B is  
B

From (iii)
 
A. B
cos    
-----------------------------------------------(iv)
AB

From (ii) and (iii), we can write,


a  
A.B
 
  
A AB

 
 A.B 
 a  A
 
AB

15 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
 A.B
The projection a  ------------------------------------------------(iv)

B

Again,
  
a  a  unit vector of B


  B
a  a  -----------------------------------------------(v)

B


Putting the value of a from (iv) in (v)


  B
a  a 

B

  
 A.B B
a  
 
B B

 
 A.B 
The projection a  2
B

B

Three –dimensional Coordinate System

The point P(a, b, c) determines a rectangular box as the figure

16 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure: 27

If we drop a perpendicular from P to the xy-plane, we get a point Q with coordinates (a,
b, 0) called the projection of P onto the xy-plane. Similarly, R(0, b, c) and S(a, 0, c) are
the projections of P onto the yz-plane and xz-plane, respectively.

Figure: 28

Work done by dot products of two vectors:

If you have taken physics class, you have probably encountered the notion of work in
mechanics.

17 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure: 29
If a constant force of F (in the direction of motion) is applied to move an object a distance
d in a straight line, then the work exerted is

Work  Force  dis tan ce

W  Fd

The unit for force is N (newton) and the unit for distance is m (meter). The unit of work
is joule=(newton)(meter).

Now suppose that the there is an angle theta between the direction in which the constant
force is applied and the direction of motion.

Figure: 30

In this case the work is given by:

Force Components in the direction of X-axis distance in the direction of Force

  
components = F cos   OM  F cos   d

Physical Significance of The scalar or dot product:

The man is pulling the block with a constant force a so that it moves along the horizontal
ground. The work done in moving the block through a distance b is then given by the
distance moved through multiplied by the magnitude of the component of the force in the
direction of motion

18 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure 31
One important physical application of the scalar product is the calculation of work:

Figure 32
Here,
From Figure 30

From,  OMA ,
OM
 cos 
OA
OM  OA cos 

OM  a cos 
 
The force or vector components of the vector a in the direction of OB is a cos 

The scalar or dot product as

   
Work done = w = a . b  a cos   b
   
= a . b  a b cos 

That is, Force Components in the direction of OB  distance (OM) in the direction (OB)
 
of Force or vector components  a cos   b

The scalar or dot product as

19 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

   
Work done = w = a . b  a cos   b
   
 a . b  a b cos 

[ Vector Dot Product Vector Force Vector Vector

displacement Vector Force Vector
   
Dot Product, that is, Work done = w = a . b  a b cos  ;
 
w  a b cos  ]

Summery: From the physical interpretation of the dot product, the work done in
moving an object a distance d by a force of magnitude F in the same direction(Figure
 
28) as the force is W = F . d

When a constant force F is applied to a body acting at an angle  to the direction of

motion (Figure 28), then the work done by F is defined to be W =
     
F . d  F cos   d  F d cos 

Q # 03: A block of mass “m” moves from point A to B along a smooth plane surface
under the action of force as shown in the figure. Find the work done.

Figure 33 Figure 34

Figure 35

20 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

     
Answer: We have, Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  F d cos 

 
Here, F  10N , d  AB  10 meter and    60 0

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  cos(600 )  10

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  cos 600  10 [ cos(   )  cos ]

    1
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10   10
2
   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  5

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  50 Joule

Laws of vector operation:

Figure: 36

We have, from figure 30

   
a . b  a b cos 
   
 i . j  i j cos 

21 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

   
 i . j  i j cos 90  1.1.0  0

Similarly,
   
 k . i  k i cos 90  1.1.0  0

Now,
   
 i . i  i i cos 0  1.1.1  1 [ The length or magnitude of unit vector is 1]

Similarly
   
 j . j  j j cos 0  1.1.1  1

   
 k . k  k k cos 0  1.1.1  1

         
Q # 04: If A  A x i  A y j A z k and B  B x i  B y j B z k , Find A . B
Answer 04:
       
A . B = ( A x i  A y j A z k ) .(B x i  B y j B z k )
= ( A x Bx  A y By  A z Bz )
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
Answer

Direction cosines:

Figure # 37
Direction cosines are defined as

l  cos 

22 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

m  cos 
n  cos 

Figure # 38 Figure # 39

Where the angles ,  and  are the angles shown in the figure. As shown in the figure,
the direction cosines represent the cosines of the angles made between the vector and the
three coordinate directions.
The direction cosines can be calculated from the components of the vector and its
magnitude through the relations
A Ay A
l  cos   x , m  cos   , n  cos   z [from figure 36]
A A A

The three direction cosines are not independent and must satisfy the relation
l 2  m 2  n 2  1 -----------------------------(i)
This results form the fact that
l2  m2  n2  1
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
2 2
2
 Ax   Ay   Az 
   
 A     A   1
 A 
A 2x A 2y A2z
    1 -----------------(ii)
A2 A2 A2

Since from figure 36

   
A  A x i  A y j A z k

 A  A2x  A2 y  A 2z

23 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

A unit vector can be constructed along a vector using the direction cosines as its

components along the x, y, and z directions. For example, the unit-vector e along the
   
  A A x i  A y j A z k
vector A is obtained from e  
 
A A

   
 A Ax i Ay j Az k
e   
   
A A A A


 A Ax  Ay  Az 
e  i j k
   
A A A A


 A   
e  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k -----------(iii)

A


 A   
e  l i  m j  n k -------------------------(iv)

A

  
Therefore, A  A  e

  
 A  A e

    
 A  A  (l i  m j  n k ) [From (iv)]

    
 A  A  (cos  i  cos  j  cos  k ) [From (iii)]

Q # 05: How do you find the angle between a vector and the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis?

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the x -axis, then
Ax Ax Ax
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

24 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the y -axis, then
Ay Ay Ay
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the z -axis, then
Az Az Az
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

   
As for an example OP  2 i  4 j 6 k makes an angle  ,  and  with the x -axis, y-axis
and z-axis respectively, then
2 2 2 2
cos      ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

4 4 4 4
cos   
  ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

6 6 6 6
cos   
  ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

Parallel Vectors:
 
When A and B are parallel to each other, their Dot Product is identical to the ordinary
 
multiplication of their sizes, that is A . B  AB since   0 0 and cos 0 0  1 .

Perpendicular Vectors:
 
When A and B are perpendicular to each other, their Dot Product is always Zero that is
 
A . B  0 , since   90 0 and cos 90 0  0

       
Q# 06: Determine whether A  3 i  5 j  2 k and B  2 i  2 j  2 k are perpendicular
Answer:
       
Given, A  3 i  5 j  2 k and B  2 i  2 j  2 k
       
 A . B  ( 3 i  5 j 2 k ). ( 2 i  2 j 2 k )
 
 A . B  3  2  5  ( 2 )  (  2)  (  2)
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]

25 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
 A . B  6  10  4
 
 A.B  0
   
Since A . B  0 Then A and B are perpendicular to each other
       
Q# 07: Find the angle between A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k
Answer: We have,
   
A . B  A B cos 
 
A .B
cos    
AB
       
Given, A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k
       
 A . B  ( 2 i  3 j k ). (4 i  j 3 k )
 
 A . B  2  4  ( 3 )  1  1  (  3)
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
 
 A.B  8  3  3
 
 A.B  8  6
 
 A.B  2
       
Again, Given, A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k

 A  2 2  ( 3) 2  1 2  4  9  1  14

and  B  4 2  (1) 2  ( 3) 2  16  1  9  26
 
A .B
cos    
AB

2
cos  
14  26
 2 
  cos 1   Answer
 14  26 
       
Q# 08: A particle acted on by constant forces F1  4 i  j 3 k and F2  3 i  j k (both
measured in Newton), is displaced from the point (1, 2, 3) to the point (5, 4, 1) (measured
in meters). Find the total work done by the forces.

26 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Answer: Figure 30 shows the displacement of the particle and the forces acting on it.
Although the forces are shown acting at the initial point A, they are assumed to act on the
particle throughout the displacement from A to B. The resultant force is:
           
F  F1  F2  4 i  j 3 k  3 i  j k  7 i  2 j 4 k -------------------------(i)

A (1, 2, 3)

F1
O (0, 0, 0)
Y
F2

B (5, 4, 1)
X

Figure 40
 
The displacement is the vector d  AB, but ,
From OAB,
  
OA  AB  OB
        
AB  OB  OA  (5 i  4 j k )  ( i  2 j 3 k )
    
d  AB  4 i  2 j 2 k -------------------------------------(ii)
The work done, W, is given by
       
F . d  ( 7 i  2 j 4 k ). (4 i  2 j 2 k )  7  4  2  2  ( 4)  ( 2)  28  4  8  40 Joule
Answer
Q# 09: A rope is attached to a 100-lb block (mass) on a ramp that is inclined at an angle of 300
with the ground (Figure no 38). How much force does the block exert against the ramp and how
much force must be applied to the rope in a direction parallel to the ramp (slope) to prevent the
block from sliding down the ramp? (Assume that the ramp is smooth, that is, exerts no frictional
( ) forces)
Solution:

27 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure 41 Figure 42

Figure 43
 
Let F denote the downward force of gravity on the block. So F  100 1b and let
  
F 1 and F 2 be the vector components of F parallel and perpendicular to the ramp (Figure
no 39).
From,  OMP,
OM
 cos 
OP
OM  OP cos 
 
F 1  F cos  ----------------------------------------------(i)

From,  OMP,
MP
 sin 
OP
MP  OP sin 

28 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
F 2  F sin  ----------------------------------------------(ii)

From (i),
 
F 1  F cos 

  1
F 1  F cos 600  100   50 1b
2
and from (ii),
 
F 2  F sin 

  3
F 2  F sin 600  100   50 3 1b
2

Thus the block exerts a force of approximately 50 3 -1b against the ramp, and it requires
a force of 50-1b to prevent the block from sliding down the ramp.

Q# 10: A wagon is pulled horizontally by exerting a constant force of 10 1b on the

handle at an angle of 600 with the horizontal. How much work is done in moving the
wagon 50 ft?

Figure 44

Answer: Introduce an xy-co-ordinate system so that the wagon moves from P(0,0) to
 
Q(50,0) along the x-axis (Figure no 40). In the co-ordinate system PQ  50 i

29 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

y


F

30
60

P (0,0) Q (50,0) x

Figure 45
  
and F  (10 cos 600 ) i  (10 sin 600 ) j
 1  3 
F  (10  ) i  (10  )j
2 2
  
F  5 i 5 3 j

So, the work done is:

    
W  F . PQ = (5 i  5  3 j ). (50 i )
     
W  F . PQ = (5 i  5  3 j ). (50 i  0 j )
 
W  F . PQ = 250 1b Answer

Or
  1
Component of Force F in the direction of X axis is, F cos 60 0  (10  )  5
2
Work done = force ×displacement = 5×50=250

The cross product:

   
The cross product of vectors a and b is a vector perpendicular to both a and b and has
 
a magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram generated from a and b . The direction
of the cross product is given by the right-hand rule. The cross product is denoted by a
"" between the vectors

30 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure # 46 Figure # 47


Figure # 48: The direction of c is that in which a right handed screw
 
advances when turned from a to b
Area of Parallelogram OABC = baseheight
Area of Parallelogram = OA  h [from figure 41]

Area of Parallelogram = a  h --------------------------------(i)

We have, From OCM,

CM
 sin  [Figure 43]
OC
h
 sin 
OC
h
 sin  [Figure 43]

b

31 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


 h  b sin 

From (i),
   
Area of Parallelogram = a h  a b sin  [ h  b sin  ]

We have,
Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector
  
 OP  the Length of this Vector OP  Unit Vector of OP
     
 OP  a  b  a b sin   -----------------------------------(ii)
    
Here, a b sin  is the magnitude (length) of the vector OP or a  b and
   
 is the unit vector of OP or a  b
 
where θ is the measure of the angle between a and b (0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°) on the plane
  
defined by the span of the vectors, and  is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b .
Order is important in the cross product. If the order of operations changes in a cross
   
product the direction of the resulting vector is reversed. That is, a  b   b  a
  
[ Vector a and b Cross Product Vector Vector ( a and

b Vector Vector length
      
Vector ( a and b that is, a  b  a b sin  
  
Vector unit vector  a b sin  Vector length]

Laws of vector operation:

Figure # 49

32 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

We have,
    
a  b  a b sin  

From Figure 44,

         
i  j  i j sin    i j sin 900   1  1  1    
    
i  j  k [say   k ] ----------------------(i)
Similarly,
           
j k  j k sin  i  j k sin 900 i  1  1  1  i  i [here   i ] -------------(ii)

           
k i  k i sin  j  k i sin 90 0 j  1  1  1  j  j [here   j ] -----------(iii)

Again,
            
j i  j i sin(  )    j i sin     j i sin 900   1  1  1     

[ sin(   )   sin ]
    
j i   k [say   k ] ---------------------(iv)

Similarly,
            
i  k  i k sin(   )    i k sin     i k sin 90 0   1  1  1     

[ sin(   )   sin ]
    
i  k   j [say   j ] ----------------------(v)
            
k j  k j sin(   )    k j sin     k j sin 90 0   1  1  1     

[ sin(   )   sin ]
    
k j   i [say   i ] ---------------------(vi)

Again,
        
i  i  i i sin    i i sin 0 0   1  1  0    0 --------------------------(vii)

        
j j  j j sin    j j sin 0 0   1  1  0    0 -------------------------(viii)

        
k k  k k sin    k k sin 00   1  1  0    0 -----------------------(ix)

33 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

        
Scalar triple product: A .(B C) or B .(C A ) or C .( A B ) are known as a scalar triple
product. It is symbolically denoted by ABC or BCA  or CAB
   
We know, ( A B )   (B A )
     
Hence, A .(B C)   A .(C B )
That is, ABC  ACB
         
Q # 11: If A  A x i  A y j A z k and B  B x i  B y j B z k , Find A  B
Answer: :
       
A  B  ( A x i  A y j A z k )  ( B x i  B y j B z k )
           
 A x B x ( i  i )  A x B y ( i  j)  A xB z ( i  k )  A y B x ( j i )  A y B y ( j j)  A y B z ( j k )
     
 A z B x (k  i )  A z B y (k  j )  A z B z ( k  k )
   
 A x B x  0  A x B y (k )  A x B z (  j)  A y B x (  k )  A y B y  0  A y B z ( i )
 
 A z B x ( j)  A z B y (  i )  A z B z  0
     
 A x B y k  A x B z j  A y B x k  A y B z i  A z B x j A z B y i
     
 A x B y k  A x B z j  A y B x k  A y B z i  A z B x j A z B y i
     
 A y Bz i  A z B y i  A xB z j  A z B x j + A xB y k  A y B x k
    
A  B  i ( A y B z  A z B y )  j( A xB z  A z B x ) + k ( A x B y  A y B x ) -----------------------(i)
  
i j k
 
A  B  Ax Ay A z -----------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
Bx By Bz
      
Q # 12: Find a unit vector perpendicular to the vectors a  3 i  j and b   i  2 j 2 k
   
Answer: A vector perpendicular to a and b is a  b
  
i j k
       
a  b = 3 1 0  i ( 2  0)  j(6  0)  k (6  1)  2 i  6 j 7 k
1 2 2
 
A unit vector, perpendicular to a and b , in this direction is obtained by simply dividing
 
a  b by its magnitude. Thus

34 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

     
 2 i  6 j 7 k 2 i  6 j 7 k
e  is the required vector.
2 2  (  6) 2  7 2 89

Magnitude of Unit vector of e
 2 2 6 2 7 2 4 36 49 89
e ( ) ( ) ( )     1
89 89 89 89 89 89 89
Home Task:
   
Find a unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors, A  2 i  4 j  5 k and
   
B  i  2 j 3k

 AB
e
AB
           
Q#13: Show that A  i  2 j 3 k , B  2 i  j 2 k and C  3 i  j k are coplanar.

Answer:
BC

B
A
Figure # 50

If A is a third vector perpendicular to (BC), then A, B and C are coplanar and A. (BC)
=0

Therefore, three vectors A, B, C are coplanar if A. (BC) = 0

  
i j k
     
BC = 2  1 2 =  i (1  2)  j( 2  6)  k ( 2  3)   i  8 j 5 k
3 1 1
     
A. (BC) = ( i  2 j 3 k ). (  i  8 j 5 k ) = -1+16-15=0
Therefore A, B, C are coplanar.

35 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

        
Home task: On which condition of  the vectors i  2 j  3 k ,  i  4 j  7 k ,  3 i  2 j  5 k
are collinear

Solution
We know that if the points ( x 1 , y1 , z1 ), ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) and ( x 3 , y 3 , z 3 ) be collinear then
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2  0
x3 y3 z3
1 2 3
  4 7 0
3 2 5
 1[4  (5)  7  (2)]  2[ (5)  (3)  7]  3[ (2)  4(3)]  0
 1[20  14]  2[5  21]  3[2  12]  0
 6  10  42  6  36  0
 4  48  36  0
 4  12  0
 4  12
3


Q# 14: Figure no 46 shows a force F of 100 N applied in the positive z-direction at the
point Q(1,1,1) of a cube whose sides have a length of 1 m. assuming that the cube is free
to rotate about the point P(0,0,0) (the origin), find the scalar moment of the force about
P and describe the direction of rotation.

Figure 51

36 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

   
Answer: The force vector F  0. i  0. j 100 k and the vector from P to Q is
    
PQ  i  j  k , so the vector moment of F about P is
  
i j k
    
PQ F  1 1 1  i (100  0)  j(100  0)  k (0  0)
0 0 100
 
 100 i  100 j

Thus the scalar moment of F about P is
 
PQ F  (100) 2  ( 100) 2  10000  10000  20000  2  (100) 2  100 2 N.m
 
and the direction of rotation is counterclockwise looking along the vector 100 i  100 j
 
 100( i  j ) towards its initial point (Figure no 46)

        
Q-15: If a . b  3 and a  b  i  2 j 2 k , find the angle between a and b
   
Answer: We have, a . b  a b cos 
 
Given, a . b  3
 
 a b cos   3 ------------------------------------(i)
    
Again, we have, a  b  a b sin  
    
Given, a  b  i  2 j 2 k
     
a b sin    i  2 j 2 k
     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k --------------------------------------(ii)

    
We have, a  b  a b sin  
   
 a b a b
Again, we can write,    
  
--------------------------------------(iii)
a b sin  a b
    
Given, a  b  i  2 j 2 k

37 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

 
 a  b  12  2 2  2 2  9  3

From (iii),
 
 a b
  
a b
  
 i  2 j 2 k

3

Putting the value of  in (ii), we get,
     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k
  
i  2 j 2 k     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k
3
1 
 a b sin   1
3
 
a b sin   3 ----------------------------------(iv)

(iv)  (i)

 
a b sin 
3
 

a b cos  3

sin 
 3
cos 
tan   3
tan   tan 60 0
   60 0 Answer

       
Q-16: Find all vectors v such that ( i  2 j k )  v  3 i  j 5 k
Answer:
Given,
      
( i  2 j k )  v  3 i  j 5 k              (i)
   
Let v  x i  y j z k

38 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

  
i j k
         
( i  2 j k )  v  ( i  2 j k )  x i  y j z k  1 2 1
x y z
      
 ( i  2 j k )  v  i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x ) ----------------------(ii)

Given,
      
( i  2 j k )  v  3 i  j 5 k
From (ii), We can write,
         
 ( i  2 j k )  v  i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x )  3 i  j 5 k
     
 i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x )  3 i  j 5 k
  
Equating the coefficient of i , j , and k on both sides
2z  y  3
 (z  x )  1
y  2 x  5

That is,
2z  y  3
 x z 1
y  2 x  5

x  z 1
 y  2x  5
2z  y  3

x  0 .y  z  1
  2x  y  0.z  5 ---------------------------------------(iii)
0.x  y  2z  3

We have,
L i  a i1 L 1  a 11L i
Here, a 11  1, a 12  0, a 13  1, a 21  2, a 22  1, a 23  0, a 31  0, a 32  1, a 33  2
1st time:
i  2, L 2   a 21 L1  a 11L 2
  (2)(x  0.y  z  1)  1(  2 x  y  0.z  5)
 2 x  2z  2  2 x  y  5
 y  2z  3

39 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

i  3, L 3   a 31 L1  a 11L 3
  0(x  0.y  z  1)  1(0.x  y  2z  3)
  y  2z  3
Thus we obtain the following new system
x  0 .y  z  1
y  2 z  3
 y  2z  3
nd
2 time:
x  0.y  z  1 a11 a12
 
y  2 z  3             L 1 1 y  2 z  3
 y  2z  3            L 2 a 21 a 22
 

We have,
 1 y 2 z  3
L i  a i1 L 1  a 11L i
Here, a 11  1, a 12  2, a 21  1, a 22  2

i  2, L 2   a 21 L1  a 11L 2
  (1)(y  2z  3)  1(  y  2z  3)
 y  2z  3  y  2z  3
0

Thus we obtain the following new system

x  0 .y  z  1
y  2 z  3
00

Thus we obtain the following new system

x  0 .y  z  1
y  2 z  3
In echelon form, there are only two equations in three unknowns, then the system has a
non-zero solution and in particular (3-2)=1 free variable, which is z. We obtain more than

one solution of the system; hence we will get infinite number of vectors v

40 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Scalar Fields:
A scalar field is a map over some space of scalar values. That is, it is a map of values
with no direction.

.31 . . .

. .29 .

.29.9 . . . .

. . . 26

Figure 52

Examples:

1. A simple example of a scalar field is a map of the temperature distribution in

a room. The function that gives the temperature of any point in the room you
are sitting is a scalar field
 Some parts of it, maybe near the door or windows, will probably be
cooler, while other parts, maybe near a heater, will be warmer. And in
between these regions of course, there must be a continuous smooth
change in temperature.
 This quantity "temperature", let's call it T, therefore, has various different
values throughout that three-dimensional space that you're sitting in. Let's
describe the position by the three Cartesian coordinates x, y and z.
 So at any given position ( x, y , z ) the temperature T has a particular value,
and if we change that position then T will probably change too. In other
words T is a function of x, y and z and we can write T( x, y , z ) . For

41 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

example: T( x, y , z ) can be used to represent the temperature at the point
( x, y , z )
 This means that T is a scalar field.

As for example: T( x, y , z )  x 2  yz
T( 2,5,6)  2 2  5  6  34 0
T(4,2,8)  4 2  2  8  32 0
T(5,4,2)  5 2  4  2  33 0
............................................
............................................
 The temperature at that position just has a value, 34 0 degrees say, there is
only one piece of information. There is no direction associated with that
temperature.
2. To indicate the temperature distribution throughout space, or the air pressure
3. The temperature of a swimming pool is a scalar field: to each point we associate a
scalar value of temperature.
4. In this course the most important example is the electromagnetic potential field.
5. A scalar valued function is a function that takes one or more values, but returns a
single value. f ( x, y , z )  x 2  2yz 5 is an example of a scalar valued function.

Electromagnetic Potential Field):

Electromagnetic Field):

Newton’s Gravitational Field:

Vector space: Basically, a vector space is the set of all vectors that can be created by
Linear combinations of a given set of vectors. If you take a vector and multiply it by any
real number, and take another vector and multiply it by any real number, and then add
them together, this new vector is a linear combination of the first two. So a vector space
is all the possible linear combinations of the set of basis vectors. The basis vectors are
said to "span" the vector space. You can find different sets of basis vectors that span the
same vector space.
Vector fields:
A vector field can be considered a map of vectors over some space. . For example if one
were to show wind vectors on a weather map; that would be a vector field. The electric
field surrounding a charge is a vector field. A vector field in the plane, for instance, can
be visualized as a collection of arrows with a given magnitude and direction each
attached to a point in the plane

42 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Examples:

Figure # 53

1. Now imagine the air moving around in that room you're in. In some parts it will
be moving quickly, above the heater maybe, or near an open window, or near
your nose, while in other parts it will be moving slowly.
 The quantity describing that air movement is "velocity", let's call it v. That
quantity v also has a different value at different positions, so we can write
v( x, y , z ) and this quantity too is a field.
 At any position ( x, y , z ) the air at that point is moving in a particular
direction, with a particular speed.
2. The water flow in the same pool is a vector field
3. The speed and direction of a moving fluid throughout space, or the strength and
direction of some force, such as the magnetic or gravitational force, as it changes
from point to point.
4. Examples are movement of a fluid, or the force generated by a magnetic of
gravitational field, or atmospheric models, where both the strength (speed) and
the direction of winds are recorded.
5. Wind vectors on a weather map; that would be a vector field. The electric field
surrounding a charge is a vector field
6. Examples of vector fields include the electromagnetic field and the Newtonian
gravitational field.
7. Three vector fields are shown below. Which represents the electric field
eminating from a positive point charge in the middle? (Note that vectors of
similar magnitude are colored similarly in these plots)

( x, y , z )


v ( x, y , z )
   
Let v ( x, y , z )  x 2 y i  yz j k

43 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Visualize Scalar Field on a Surface: Surface is colored using the value of a scalar
function defined on each vertex.

Figure # 54
Visualize Vector Field on a Surface:
1. Imagine what happens when you throw a stone into the water
2. Imagine what happens when you throw a stone to the honeycomb

Differentiation of Vectors:

In many practical problems, we often deal with vectors that change with time, e.g.

Velocity, acceleration, etc.

Y P ( x , y, z )
C
 Q( x   x , y   y , z   z )
A
 r
r  
r  r
B
O ( 0 ,0 ,0 ) X

Figure # 55

  
We consider a position vector OP  r , which is drawn from O to P then OP moves
   
from P to Q . Then  r is small increment from P to Q .So, OQ  r   r is a new

vector drawn from O to Q. Assume that r is a vector function of x, y , z and depends on
a scalar variable t.

44 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

From figure,
    
OP  r ( x, y , z )  x i  y j  z k -------------------------------(i)
   
  r  x i  y j z k --------------------------------------(ii)
   
OQ  ( x  x ) i  ( y  y ) j  ( z  z ) k
      
OQ  ( x i  y j  z k )  ( x i  y j  z k )
  
OQ  r   r ----------------------------------------------------(iii)

From
 OPQ ,
  
OP  PQ  OQ
   
r r  r r
   
 r  r   r  r -----------------------------------------------(iv)


t r

r

t


r 
Then is the average rate of change of r with respect to time t.
t
   
 r (r  r) r
i.e.  ------------------------------(v)
t t
When Q  P then PQ will be tangent
 
So, then t  0 , then  r  d r

[Note: d r is a tangent vector to any point to the curve]
   
r (r  r) r
Lim  Lim
t  0  t t  0 t
    
 dr r (r  r) r
v  Lim  Lim -----------------(vi)
dt t 0 t t  0 t

dr 
represents the velocity v
dt

45 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


This is the derivative of r with respect to the scalar variable t.
Again,
   
 dv v v ( t  t )  v ( t )
a  Lim  Lim
dt t  0  t t  0 t
   
 dv d dr d2 r  dr
a  ( ) -------------------------------------(vii) [ v  ]
dt dt dt dt 2 dt
 
d v d2 r 
 2
represents the acceleration a along the curve.
dt dt
Again,
    
OP  r ( x, y , z )  x i  y j z k

d r dx  dy  dz 
v   i j k --------------------------------(viii)
dt dt dt dt

Remark: If r (t ) is the position function of a particle moving along a curve in 2-space (2-
dimensional space) or 3-space, then the instantaneous velocity , instantaneous
acceleration and instantaneous speed of the particle at time t are defined by


dr
Velocity: v (t ) 
dt
  
dv d dr
 d2 r
Acceleration: a   ( )
dt dt dt dt 2
 ds
Speed: v (t ) 
dt
Theorem:

If C is the graph in 2-space or 3-space of a smooth vector-valued function r (t ) , then its
arc length L from t  a to t  b is

b
dr
L  dt
dt
b

Displacement Vector and Distance Traveled:

If a particle travels along a curve C in 2-space or 3-space, the displacement of the particle

over the time interval t 1  t  t 2 is commonly denoted by  r and is defined by
  
 r  r (t 2 )  r (t 1 ) --------------------------(i)

The displacement vector, which describes the change in position of the particle during the
time interval, can be obtained by integrating the velocity function from t 1 to t 2 .

46 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Figure 56

t2  t2 t
 dr   2  
r   v (t ) dt   dt
dt
  r (t )  r (t 2 )  r (t 1 ) --------------(ii)
  t1
t1 t
1

The distance travelled by the particle over the time interval t 1  t  t 2 is:
t2 t2 
dr
s  dt
dt   v (t ) dt -------------------------(iii)
t1 t1

Q#17: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x  e  t , y  2 cos 3t , z  2 sin 3t , Where t is the time.
(a) Determine its velocity and acceleration at any time
(b) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t = 0.
    
Answer: The position vector r of the particle is r  x i  y j z k
   
 r  e  t i  2 cos 3t j 2 sin 3t k

 dr d  d  d 
Then the velocity is V  (e  t ) i  ( 2 cos 3t ) j ( 2 sin 3t ) k
dt dt dt dt

dr   
d mx
  e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k [ (e )  me mx ]
dt dx
 
dV d dr
 d   
and the acceleration is: a   ( )  ( e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k )
dt dt dt dt
 
 d V d2 r t
  
a   e i  18 cos 3 t j  18 sin 3 t k
dt dt 2
b) At t = 0,

47 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


 dr   
Then the velocity is V=   e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k
dt

 dr   
V=   e  0 i  6 sin 3  0 j  6 cos 3  0 k [t = 0 ]
dt

 dr  
V=   e  0 i  6 sin 0  6 cos 0 k
dt

 dr   1
V=   i 6k [e  0   1; sin 0  0; cos 0  1]
dt e0
and the acceleration is:
 
 d V d2 r t
  
a   e i  18 cos 3 t j  18 sin 3 t k
dt dt 2
 
 d V d2 r   
a  2
 e  0 i  18 cos 3  0 j 18 sin 3  0 k [t = 0 ]
dt dt
 
 d V d2 r   1
a   i  18 j [e  0   1; sin 0  0; cos 0  1]
dt dt 2 e0

The Magnitude of the velocity is V  ( 1) 2  (6) 2  37

The Magnitude of the acceleration is a : (1) 2  ( 18) 2  325 Answer

Q#18: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x  2t 2 , y  t 2  4t , z  3t  5, where t is time. Find the component of the velocity at
   
time t = 1 in the direction a  i  3 j  2 k

Answer:
    
The position vector r of the particle is r  x i  y j z k
   
 r  2t 2 i  ( t 2  4t ) j  ( 3t  5) k

 dr d   
Then the velocity is V  [ 2t 2 i  ( t 2  4t ) j  ( 3t  5) k ]
dt dt

 dr d  d  d 
V  [2t 2 i ]  [( t 2  4t ) j ]  [( 3t  5) k ]
dt dt dt dt

 dr   
V  4t i  ( 2t  4) j  3 k --------------------------(i)
dt
The Velocity at t = 1;

48 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


 dr   
V  4t i  ( 2 t  4) j  3 k
dt

 dr   
V  4 .1 i  ( 2 .1  4 ) j  3 k
dt

 dr   
V  4 i  2 j 3 k ---------------------------(ii)
dt
         
  a i  3 j 2 k i  3 j 2 k i  3 j 2 k
The unit vector of a is e  
  
a 1 2  ( 3) 2  2 2 1 9 4 14

  
i 3j 2k
   -----------------------------------(iii)
14 14 14
      
The component of the velocity in the given direction a  i  3 j  2 k is V . e , where e is
a unit vector in the direction of a.
  
     i 3j 2k
V . e  (4 i  2 j  3 k ) .(   )
14 14 14
  4 6 6
V .e  (   )
14 14 14
  16
V .e  Answer
14
  
Q#19: A particle moves so that its position vector is given by r  cos t i  sin t j ,

where  is a constant. Show that (a) the velocity V of the particle is perpendicular
 
to r , (b) The acceleration a is directed toward the origin and has magnitude
 
proportional to the distance from the origin (c) r  V = a constant vector
  
Answer: Given, r  cos t i  sin t j

dr
 d  d 
a) Then the velocity is V   (cos t ) i  (sin t ) j
dt dt dt

 dr  
V    sin t i   cos t j
dt

49 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Z

Op = r
Op = -r
P

r

Y
O

X
Figure # 57

     
Then r . V  (cos t i  sin t j ). (   sin t i   cos t j)
 
Then r . V  (cos t )(   sin t )  (sin t )( cos t )
 
Then r . V    sin t cos t   sin t cos t
 
Then r . V  0
 
Hence r and V are perpendicular.

dV d  
b) The acceleration is: a   (   sin t i   cos t j)
dt dt

 dV  
The acceleration is: a    2 cos t i   2 sin t j
dt

 dV   
The acceleration is: a    2 (cos t i  sin t j)    2 r
dt
 
a    2 r ------------------------------------------(i)
 
a r
 
a  r -----------------------------------------------(ii)

50 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


From equation (1), the acceleration is opposite to the direction of r . i.e. it is directed

toward the origin, Its magnitude is proportional to r which is the distance from the

origin.

Figure # 58

     
c) Here r  cos t i  sin t j and V    sin t i   cos t j
  
i j k
 
rV = cos t sin t 0
  sin t  cos t 0

  
 i (sin t  0  0   cos t )  j(cos t  0  (   sin t )  0  k (cos t   cos t
 (   sin t )  sin t )
  
 i  0  j 0  k ( cos 2 t   sin 2 t )

 k (cos 2 t  sin 2 t )

 k  .1 [ cos 2 t  sin 2 t  1]

 k

Q#20: A particle moves along a circular path in such a way that its x- and y-coordinates
at time t are x  2 cos t , y  2 sin t
a) Find the instantaneous velocity and speed of the particle at time t.
b) Sketch the path of the particle and show the position and velocity vectors at time

t with the velocity vector drawn so that its initial point is at the top of the
4
position vector
c) Show that at each instant the acceleration vector is perpendicular to the velocity
vector

51 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Answer:
a)
Let the position vector at any time t is:
   
OP = r (t )  x i  y j
At time t, the position vector is:
   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j [Given, x  2 cos t , y  2 sin t ] --------------------(i)
So the instantaneous velocity is:

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j ----------------------------------(ii)
dt
So the instantaneous speed is:

V (t )  ( 2 sin t ) 2  ( 2 cos t ) 2  4 sin 2 t  4 cos 2 t  2

Answer (b):

Y
N

P (x,y)

r
t X
O M

Figure #: 59

   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j
Here, OM  x  2 cos t and PM  y  2 sin t

POM  t
PM
 sin t
OP
2 sin t
 sin t [Given PM  y  2 sin t ]
OP
OP sin t  2 sin t
OP  2 ---------------------------------(iii)

Similarly,

52 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

OM
 cos t
OP
2 cos t
 cos t [ OM  x  2 cos t ]
OP
OP cos t  2 cos t
OP  2 ----------------------------------(iv)
Hence the radius of the circle is OP = 2.

At time t  , the position and velocity vector of the particles are:
4
   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j [From (i)]
     
r ( )  2 cos i  2 sin j
4 4 4
  1  1 
r( )  2 i 2 j
4 2 2
     
OP  r ( )  2 i  2 j When t  .
4 4
From (ii),

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j
dt
   
V ( )  2 sin i  2 cos j
4 4 4
   1  1     
PN  V ( )  2 i 2 j = V( )   2 i  2 j
4 2 2 4

Answer (c):
We have,

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j [From (ii)]
dt
At time t, the acceleration vector is:

 dv  
 a (t )   2 cos t i  2 sin t j --------------------------(v)
dt
Test: From (ii) & (v),
     
V(t ). a (t )  ( 2 sin t i  2 cos t j). ( 2 cos t i  2 sin t j )  4 sin t cos t  4 sin t cos t  0
Since the dot product of Velocity Vector (ii) and acceleration Vector (v) is Zero, Hence
acceleration vector is perpendicular to the velocity vector.

(Proved)

53 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Q# 21: A particle moves through 3-space in such a way that its velocity
   
is v (t )  i  t j  t 2 k . Find the co-ordinates of the particle at time t  1 given that the
particle is at the point (1,2,4) at time t  0

Answer: We have,

P(1,2,4) Q at t  1


r

O ( 0 ,0 ,0 ) X

Z
Figure 60

 dr 
v (t )  Where r is a position vector.
dt
   
Given, v (t )  i  t j  t 2 k

 d r (t )   2 
 v (t )   i  t j t k
dt

d r (t)   2 
 i  t j t k
dt
   
d r (t )  ( i  t j  t 2 k )dt ----------------------------(i)
Integrate (i) both sides, we get,
   
 d r (t )   ( i  t j t k )dt
2

   
 d r ( t )   i dt   t j dt   t k dt
2

 t2  t3 

r (t )  t i j k  C ------------------------(ii)
2 3
Where C is a vector constant of integration. Since the coordinates of the particle at time
t  0 are (1,2,4) , the position vector at time t  0 is
We have the position vector

54 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

   
r (t )  x i  y j + z k
   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k [at time t  0 , the position vector is at (1,2,4) ]
   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k ------------------------(iii)
Again, putting t  0 in (ii), we get,
  t2  t3 
r (t )  t i  j + k C
2 3
2 
  0 03 
r ( 0 )  0. i  j + k C
2 3

r (0)  0  0 + 0  C

r ( 0)  C ------------------------(iv)
Comparing (iii) and (iv), we get,
   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k  C
  
C   i  2 j + 4k -------------------------(v)
Putting the value of C in (ii), we get,
  t2  t3 
r (t )  t i  j + k C
2 3
  t  t3  
2  
r (t )  t i  j + k  i  2 j + 4k
2 3
  t2  t3 
r (t )  (t  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k ------------------(vi)
2 3
Thus, at time t  1 , the position vector of the particle is
From (vi),
  t2  t3 
r (t )  (t  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k
2 3
2 3 
  1  1
r (1)  (1  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k
2 3
  5  13 
r (1)  0 i  j + k .
2 3
5 13
So, the coordinates of the particle at time t  1 is (0, , ) the Answer
2 3

55 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC

Q# 22: Suppose that a particle moves along a circular helix (figure 56) in 3-space so that
   
its position vector at time t is r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k . Find the distance
traveled and the displacement of the particle during the time interval 1  t  5

Figure 61

Answer: Given,
   
r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k ------------------(i)

 dr d   
 v (t )   (4 cos t i  4 sin t j  t k )
dt dt

 dr d  d  
 v (t )   4 sin t . ( t ) i  4 cos t . ( t ) j  k
dt dt dt

 dr   
 v (t )   4 sin t .(  ) i  4 cos t .(  ) j  k
dt

 dr   
 v (t )   4 sin t i  4 cos t j k -------------------(ii)
dt

 v (t )  ( 4 sin t ) 2  (4 cos t ) 2  1 2


 v (t )  16 2 sin 2 t  16 2 cos 2 t  1 2


 v (t )  16 2 (sin 2 t  cos 2 t )  1

56 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC


 v (t )  16 2 .1  1 [ sin 2 t  cos 2 t  1 ]


 v (t )  16 2  1 ---------------------(iii)

The distance travelled by the particle from time t  1 to t  5 is:

5 5 
dr
s  dt
dt   v (t )dt
1 1
5 5
dr
s  dt
dt   16 2  1 dt
1 1
5
dr
s  dt
dt  16 2  1[t ]15
1
5
dr
s  dt
dt  16 2  1[5  1]
1
5
dr
s  dt
dt  16 2  1[4]
1
5
dr
s 
dt
dt  4 16 2  1
1
Again,
From (i)
   
r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k
   
 r (5)  (4 cos 5 ) i  (4 sin 5 ) j + 5 k
   
 r (1)  (4 cos  ) i  (4 sin  ) j + k
Moreover, the displacement over the time interval is:
  
r  r (5)  r (1)
      
r  (4 cos 5 ) i  (4 sin 5 ) j + 5 k  (4 cos  i  4 sin  j + k )
      
r  4( 1) i  4.0. j + 5 k  [4.( 1) i  4.0 j + k ]
    
r   4 i + 5 k  4 i - k
 
r  4 k

Which tells us that the change in the position of the particle over the time interval was 4
units straight up. Answer

57 Prof. Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/CSE/IIUC