AI: Internet Computing

Lecture 7 — Cloud, Fog, and Edge Computing

KIT – The Research University in the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu

Who am I?
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins
Professor at the University of Kassel
Previously: Postdoctoral researcher and lecturer at the KIT
Master of Science in Information Systems at the University of Cologne
Principal researcher in charge of project management and execution
for diverse research projects in the domain of ‘Trustworthy & Secure
Emerging Technologies’
Different research areas, including IT certifications, cybersecurity,
distributed ledger technology, cloud, fog and edge computing
[email protected]

Toward better Development

of Applications on DLT

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
2 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Learning Goals of the Lecture
Understand the concepts of cloud, fog, and edge computing

Get to know the most important characteristics, advantages, and

challenges of these technologies

Learn about ‘hot topics’ and use cases

Understand the differences between these and related technologies

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
3 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Reference to the Teaching Material Provided

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
4 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Literature of the Lecture
Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J., and Ghalsasi, A. (2011):
Cloud Computing – The Business Perspective. In: Decision Support
Systems 51(1), p. 176-189.

Iorga, M. et al. (2018): Fog Computing Conceptual Model

Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NIST Special Publication 500-325. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.500-325

Schneider S, Sunyaev A (2016) Determinant factors of cloud-sourcing

decisions: reflecting on the IT outsourcing literature in the era of cloud
computing. Journal of Information Technology 31 (1):1-31

Krcmar, H., Eckert, C., Roßnagel, A., Sunyaev, A., Wiesche, M. (2018):
Management sicherer Cloud-Services

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
5 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Motivation

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
6 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Computing?

Image source: [Cloud Computing] by Stormotion Team, Oktober 23rd 2017. Licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
7 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Poll

How familiar are you with cloud services?

Low familiarity?

Medium familiarity?

High familiarity?

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
8 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Services Market Size 2016–2027
(in Billion Euro)

Source: Statista Market Insights, https://de.statista.com/outlook/tmo/public-cloud/weltweit#umsatz, Nov 2022

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
9 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Market Leader End of 2024, ‘Hyperscaler’

Source: Synergy Research Group, https://www.statista.com/chart/18819/worldwide-market-share-of-leading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers/

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
11 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Germany as Important Region

Source: Amazon, https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazon-plans-to-invest-10-billion-in-germany-driving-innovation-and-jobs-across-the-country

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
12 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Cloud Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
13 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Cloud Computing
From examining the history of computing, the arrival of the cloud computing era
can be seen as an evolutionary development
Cloud computing has its roots in the advancements of several technologies:

Cloud Computing

Internet Systems
Hardware Technologies Distributed Management
(e.g., virtualization, (e.g., web services,
Computing (e.g., autonomic
multi-core chips) service-oriented (e.g., clusters, grids) computing, data center
architectures) automation)

Source: Voorsluys W, Broberg J, Buyya R (2011) Introduction to cloud computing. In: Buyya R, Broberg J,Goscinski A (eds) Cloud computing. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 3 – 42
Source: Iyer B, Henderson JC (2010) Preparing for the future: understanding the seven capabilities of cloud computing. MIS Q Exec 9(2):117 – 131.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
14 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Cloud Computing
The idea of providing computing as a service through networks dates back to the late
1960s and became a driving force behind the early development of the Internet
Vision became reality with emergence of ‘application service provisioning‘ during the 80s
Third-party providers deploy, manage, and remotely host packaged software applications through
centrally located servers and deliver them to organizations on a rental or lease arrangement
However, early application service providers failed due to insufficient bandwidth and
computing power
During the late 1990s: Tremendous investment and entry of new organizations in the
telecommunications industry that lead to a large increase in global fiber-optic networking,
dramatically reducing network latency and related costs

Source: Venters W, Whitley EA (2012) A critical review of cloud computing: researching desires and realities. J Inf Technol 27(3):179 – 197
Source: Buyya R, Yeo CS, Venugopal S, Broberg J, Brandic I (2009) Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms: vision, hype, and reality for delivering computing as the 5th utility.
Futur Gener Comput Syst 25(6):599 – 616
Source: Hogendorn C (2011) Excessive(?) entry of national telecom networks, 1990 – 2001. Telecommun Policy 35(11):920 – 932

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
15 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Cloud Computing
The improvement of networking was coupled with the emergence of
technologies and techniques to coordinate the large-scale, on-demand provision
of computing resources achieved by drawing on innovations around
‘grid computing’
‘utility computing’
virtualization of hardware
At the same time, organizations such as Alphabet (later parent company of
Google), Amazon, and Microsoft set up large data centers to transfer computing
processes from individual computers and private IT infrastructures to large
external and public data centers accessible over the Internet
Around 2007 became labeled as ‘cloud computing’

Source: Venters W, Whitley EA (2012) A critical review of cloud computing: researching desires and realities. J Inf Technol 27(3):179 – 197

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
16 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Cloud Computing
With cloud computing, a product-centric model for IT provisioning is transformed into a
global, distributed, service-centric model, leading to a disruptive shift from IT-as-a-product
to IT-as-a-service
Cloud computing has changed the way how IT services are invented, developed,
deployed, scaled, updated, maintained, and paid for
Cloud computing also provides the infrastructure that has powered key digital trends
including mobile computing, the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence,
thereby accelerating industry dynamics, disrupting existing business models, and fueling
the digital transformation
Defying initial concerns, cloud computing has become a critical IT infrastructure for almost
every aspect of our everyday lives, and it will continue to transform the world we live in on
multiple levels and in various ways

Source: Iyer B, Henderson JC (2010) Preparing for the future: understanding the seven capabilities of cloud computing. MIS Q Exec 9(2):117 – 131.
Source: Benlian A, Kettinger WJ, Sunyaev A, Winkler TJ (2018) Special section: The transformative value of cloud computing: a decoupling, platformization, and recombination
theoretical framework. J Manag Inf Syst 35(3):719 – 739

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
17 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Basics of Cloud Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
18 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
NIST’s Cloud Computing Definition
Definition

Cloud Computing is a model which enables

• flexible and demand-oriented access to
• a shared pool of
• configurable IT resources,
• which can be accessed at any time and from
anywhere via the Internet or a network

Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
19 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Computing Stack

Applications
(SaaS, Web Services)

Platform Infrastructure
(PaaS, Application Server, Database)

Computing & Storage Infrastructure

(IaaS, Physical/Virtual Hardware, e.g., Servers, VMware)

Network & Data Center

Image source: Adapted from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/cloud-infrastructure

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
20 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-resources

On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence

Rapid Elasticity

Pay-per-use Billing

Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
21 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
• All cloud offerings can be expressed as a service
Service-based IT-
resources • Each service comes with a Service Level Agreement,
defining functions and qualities

On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence

Rapid Elasticity

Pay-per-use Billing
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Laptop] by Mohammed Hassan, April 23th 2018. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
22 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
• A consumer can unilaterally provision computing
capabilities as needed automatically
On-demand Self-service • Without requiring human interaction with each service
provider
• Such as server time, network storage and user licenses
Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence

Rapid Elasticity

Pay-per-use Billing
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Smartphone] by Velázquez Diego, March 20th 2017. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
23 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
On-demand Self-service

• Cloud services are provisioned via the Internet or private networks

• Cloud service rely on standardized interfaces to ease interaction
Ubiquitous Access
• Use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile
phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations)

Multitenancy

Location Independence

Rapid Elasticity

Pay-per-use Billing
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Cloud Network] by Linforth Pete, July 20th 2019. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
24 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy • The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple

consumers
• Using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual
Location Independence resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand
Rapid Elasticity • Sharing computing resources is part of what could makes cloud
computing economically beneficial
Pay-per-use Billing
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [A Network of People] by Unknown, n.d. Public Domaín.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
25 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence • There is a sense of location independence in that the cloud

customer generally has no control over or knowledge of where the
provided resources are actually located
Rapid Elasticity • This challenges providers to be compliant with existing data
protection requirements, among others
Pay-per-use Billing
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Cloud Services] by Altmann Gerd, November 30th 2018. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
26 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence
• Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some
cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward
Rapid Elasticity commensurate with demand
• To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at
Pay-per-use Billing any time
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Cloud Services] by Altmann Gerd, Oktober 21 th 2020. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
27 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Unique Characteristics of Cloud Services
Service-based IT-
resources
On-demand Self-service

Ubiquitous Access

Multitenancy

Location Independence

Rapid Elasticity
• Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of
service
Pay-per-use Billing
• e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts
• Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing
transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service
Source: Mell P, Grance T (2011) The NIST definition of cloud computing. https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf. Accessed on 22.03.2022.
Image source: [Fast Computing] by Mohammed Hassan, March 2nd 2019. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
28 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models

Software
as a Service

Platform as a
Service

Infrastructure as a
Service

Image source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
29 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models — IaaS
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud
computing offering in which a vendor provides users
access to computing resources such as servers,
storage and networking
Organizations use their own platforms and
applications within a service provider’s infrastructure
Key features
Instead of purchasing hardware outright, users pay for IaaS on demand
Infrastructure is scalable depending on processing and storage needs
Saves enterprises the costs of buying and maintaining their own hardware
Enables the virtualization of administrative tasks, freeing up time for other work
Leading cloud providers offering IaaS are Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Rackspace,
NTT, Oracle, and Fujitsu, among others
Image source: [Cloud Service Models] by IBM, n.d. Licensed under © IBM.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
30 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models — PaaS
Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing offering
that provides users with a cloud environment in which they
can develop, manage and deliver applications.
In addition to storage and other computing resources,
users are able to use a suite of prebuilt tools to develop,
customize and test their own applications.
Key features
PaaS provides a platform with tools to test, develop and host applications in the same environment
Enables organizations to focus on development without having to worry about underlying
infrastructure
Providers manage security, operating systems, server software and backups
Facilitates collaborative work even if teams work remotely
Leading providers offering PaaS are Amazon, Microsoft, Alibaba, Google, IBM, and
Rackspace, among others

Image source: [Cloud Service Models] by IBM, n.d. Licensed under © IBM.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
31 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models — SaaS
Software as a service (SaaS) is a cloud
computing offering that provides users with
access to a vendor’s cloud-based software
Users do not install applications on their local
devices. Instead, the applications reside on a
remote cloud network accessed through the
web or an API
Through the application, users can store
and analyze data and collaborate on projects
Key features
SaaS provide users with software and applications via a subscription model
Users do not have to manage, install or upgrade software; SaaS providers manage this
Data is secure in the cloud; equipment failure does not result in loss of data
Applications are accessible from almost any internet-connected device, from virtually anywhere in
the world
Leading cloud providers offering SaaS are Salesforce, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, Adobe
Systems, and IBM, among others
Image source: [Cloud Service Models] by IBM, n.d. Licensed under © IBM.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
32 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models — Everything as a Service
(XaaS)

In practice and literature, a large number of other service models can be

found
These can usually be assigned to the basic models Infrastructure,
Platform and Software as a Service

Service model Fundamental service models Exemplary

SaaS PaaS IaaS Literature
Security as a service ● - - Sharma et al. (2016)
Search as a service ● - - Dašić et al. (2016)
Testing as a service - ● - Linthicum (2009)
Database as a service - ● - Linthicum (2009)
Network as a service - - ● Soares et al. (2011)
Rendering as a service - - ● Annette et al. (2015)
Image source: Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2018). Klassifikation von Cloud-Services. In H. Krcmar, C. Eckert, A. Roßnagel, A. Sunyaev, & M. Wiesche (Eds.), Management sicherer Cloud-
Services (pp. 7–13). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
33 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Service Models — Everything as a Service
(XaaS)

Cloud service models are also constantly evolving, such as providing

serverless computing
Serverless computing provides an abstraction that hides the servers and
the complexity of programming and operating them.
Simplifying cloud development and making cloud software easier to write.
Function as a Service:
Specify how the functions should run
Using functional-style “stateless” programming in the language of their choice
(e.g., JavaScript or Python)
Backend as a Service:
Specify the object storage in a flexible way
E.g., serverless object storage, message queues, key-value store databases,
mobile client data sync
Source: Schleicher-Smith et al. (2021): What Serverless Computing Is and Should Become: The Next Phase of Cloud Computing. In: COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, 64 (5)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
34 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Deployment Models

Public Private

Multi Hybrid

Virtual Community
Private

Source: Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2018). Klassifikation von Cloud-Services. In H. Krcmar, C. Eckert, A. Roßnagel, A. Sunyaev, & M. Wiesche (Eds.), Management sicherer Cloud-Services (pp.
7–13). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
35 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Chances and Challenges of Cloud Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
36 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Survey

Do you know any benefits of using cloud services?

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
37 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Reasons to Move Into the Cloud
Due to its inherent characteristics (e.g., on-demand self-service,
resource pooling, elasticity, and extensibility), cloud computing enables
persons and organizations to achieve diverse benefits and opportunities
Access to Leading
Edge IT
Low Entry Barriers Pay-as-you-go
Resources, Skills,
and Capabilities

Quality Focus on Core

Cost Savings
Improvements Capabilities

Greater Flexibility Reduced Time to Lower IT Barriers

and Elasticity Market to Innovation

Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
38 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Example Risks and Challenges

Loss of Control Vendor Lock-In Location Intransparency

Cloud customers lose Customers are Different countries and
the administrative confronted with regions have different
power, as well as uncertainty about requirements regarding
operational and whether they can leave how its citizens’
the cloud service without
security control over incurring social or information should be
the cloud system economic losses handled
Hidden actions of the In their current form, The customer doesn’t
provider might never cloud computing know where all the cloud
be detected because infrastructures and provider’s assets reside
the customer cannot platforms do not employ
standard methods of It is difficult to determine
continuously monitor storing user data and with which legislation the
providers’ actions applications, and thus customer has to comply
data portability is limited

Source: Ahmed M, Litchfield AT (2018) Taxonomy for identification of security issues in cloud computingenvironments. J Comput Inf Syst 58(1):79–88
Source: Bhattacherjee A, Park SC (2014) Why end-users move to the cloud: a migration-theoretic analysis.Eur J Inf Syst 23(3):357–372
Source: Trenz M, Huntgeburth J, Veit D (2018) Uncertainty in cloud service relationships. Inf Manag55(8):971–983

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
39 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Hot Topics in Cloud Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
40 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Poll

Have you ever heard about the following topics?

Cloud Gaming

AI as a Service

GAIA-X

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
41 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Gaming

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
42 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Gaming
Definition
Cloud gaming refers to a new way to deliver computer games to users, where
computationally complex games are executed on powerful cloud servers, the
rendered game scenes are streamed over the Internet to gamers with thin
clients on heterogeneous devices, and the control events from
their devices are sent back to cloud servers for interactions
Types of cloud gaming services:
(1) file-based: only a small fragment of the required data is transferred to the users’
devices before they start the game.
(2) command-based: the computer game is executed locally but the game’s logic
processing is outsourced on cloud servers.
(3) video-based gaming: entire outsourcing of all relevant gaming components,
including the game logic and graphic processing
Source: Ladewig, S; Lins, S; Sunyaev, A. (2019) Are We Ready to Play in the Cloud? Developing new Quality Certifications to Tackle Challenges of Cloud Gaming Services.
Proceedings of the CB
Source: Cai et al. (2016) “A Survey on Cloud Gaming: Future of Computer Games,” IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 7605–7620.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
43 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Gaming Benefits
Customers can provision various computer games on demand without
downloads, installations, or hardware upgrades
Game manufacturers do not have to worry about how to physically deliver the
computer game to the customer
It is no longer possible to make illegal copies of the software because only a
video stream of a live game is transferred

Image source: Ladewig, S; Lins, S; Sunyaev, A. (2019) Are We Ready to Play in the Cloud? Developing new Quality Certifications to Tackle Challenges of Cloud Gaming Services.
Proceedings of the CBI

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
44 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
AI as a Service (AIaaS)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
45 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Trouble with Using AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is undoubtedly one of the most actively debated technologies,
providing glaring opportunities to contribute to individuals’ well-being, the success and
innovativeness of organizations, and societies’ prosperity and advancement
One major challenge for organizations is the complex and demanding process of adopting
and integrating AI, which is rather considered “a journey and not a destination”

Challenge to collect and process

Scarcity of AI experts
data appropriately

Lack of organizations’ abilities and Limited knowledge on how to

budgets to set up and maintain the deploy and configure the AI-based
extensive IT resources systems
…
Source: Lins et al. (2021) Artificial Intelligence as a Service – Classification and Research Directions. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (forthcoming)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
46 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence Services
Definition

AIaaS refers to cloud-based systems providing on-demand services to

organizations and individuals to deploy, develop, train, use, and manage AI models

Benefits Challenges
optimizing users’ core business with the trade-off between user control and ease of
support of cloud-based AI services use
achieving short time-to-market technical robustness and interoperability of
services
no need to rely on AI engineers data governance and protection mechanisms
achieving higher performance and trade-off between accuracy and fairness vs.
resilience generalizability
… …

Source: Lins et al. (2021) Artificial Intelligence as a Service – Classification and Research Directions. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (forthcoming)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
47 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
AIaaS — Service Stack
AI software services that are ready-
to-use AI applications and building
blocks

AI developer services that are tools

for assisting developers in
implementing code to bring out AI
capabilities

AI infrastructure services that

comprise raw computational power
for building and training AI algorithms,
and network and storage capacities to
store and share data

Source: Lins et al. (2021) Artificial Intelligence as a Service – Classification and Research Directions. In: Business & Information Systems Engineering (forthcoming)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
48 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
GAIA-X

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
49 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
GAIA-X: A Federated Data Infrastructure for Europe

Developing the foundations for a federated, open data

infrastructure based on European values
Connecting centralized and decentralized infrastructures in
order to turn them into a homogeneous, user-friendly
system
The resulting federated form of data infrastructure
strengthens the ability to both access and share data
securely and confidently

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
50 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
The GAIA-X Ecosystem Idea

Image source: [GAIA-X Ecosystem] by BMWI n.d. Public Domain.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
51 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog & Edge Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
58 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Motivation
One of the biggest challenges for future trends and digital innovations like the Internet of
Things (IoT), embedded artificial intelligent, or ubiquitous computing is the management,
storage and processing of huge amounts of data
[1]
Millions of new devices, sensors and applications will be
going online in the next decade
Measuring, monitoring, analyzing, processing and
reacting are just a few examples of tasks that have to be
done with the data flood that will be generated by them
Current infrastructure will struggle to cope with the data [2]

flood
Image source [1]: [Internet of things] by jeferrb, May 25th 2015. Pixabay License.
Image source [2]: [Artificial intelligence] by Gordon Johnson, October 20th 2016. Pixabay License.
Source: Brogi A, Forti S (2017) QoS-aware deployment of IoT applications through the fog. IEEE Internet Things J 4(5):1185–1192
Source: Madsen H, Burtschy B, Albeanu G, Popentiu-Vladicescu F (2013) Reliability in the utility computing era: towards reliable [2]
fog computing. Proc. international conference on systems, signals and image processing (IWSSIP)
Source: Bittencourt LF, Lopes MM, Petri I, Rana OF (2015) Towards virtual machine migration in fogcomputing. Paper presented at the 10th international conference on P2P, parallel, grid,
cloud andinternet computing (3PGCIC)

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
59 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Example Data Challenges
How to handle the up-coming data flood
of consuming and producing large data
1 2
amounts? Amount of data Latency
Rising amounts of data that High demand for low
How to deal with the high demand for a have to be processed latency when providing data

low latency for providing the data?

How to deal with rising costs and
sensitive data concerns? Inaccessibility Privacy

How to address the inaccessibility of The need for data, provided in

real time, requires a good
Especially geographical
location is needed for many
data? (IoT devices need the data up on internet quality services

time and would have significant

problems when the connection is bad) 4 3
Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
60 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Motivation — Example: Connected Car

[2]
[1] [2]

➢ It is essential to provide data in real-time

➢ Demanding for innovative ways to ensure low latency
Image source [1]: [Car2x] by Hans-J. Brehm, Feburary 19th 2020. Licensed under CC0.
Image source [2]: [Intelligent car] by Unknown, Feburary 13th 2019. Licensed under CC0.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
61 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fundamentals of Fog and Edge Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
62 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog, Edge, and Cloud Computing

Cloud data center Core

Cloud

Internet Internet Internet

Fog Fog Fog Fog

nodes nodes nodes

Edge Edge

Image source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
adapted from Hu P, Dhelim S, Ning H, Qiu T (2017) Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies,applications and open issues. J Netw Comput Appl 98:27 – 42

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
63 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
NIST’s Fog Computing Definition
To cope with these challenges, fog computing presents a new
distributed architecture that helps to reduce latency and supports the
storage, management and processing of huge data amounts

Definition

Fog computing is a layered model for enabling ubiquitous access to a shared

continuum of scalable computing resources. The model facilitates the
deployment of distributed, latency-aware applications and services, and
consists of fog nodes (physical or virtual), residing between smart end-devices
and centralized (cloud) services.

Source: Iorga M, Feldman L, Barton R, Martin MJ, Goren N, Mahmoudi C (2018) Fog computing conceptual model (NIST SP 500-325).
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.500-325.pdf. Accessed 17 Sept 2019

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
64 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Nodes
Definition
Fog nodes are either physical components or virtual components that are tightly
coupled with the smart end-devices or access networks and provide computing
resources to these devices.
A fog node typically…
provides some form of data management (i.e., computing or storage)
enables communication services between network’s edge layer and the fog computing service
or the centralized (cloud) computing resources
is aware of its geographical distribution and logical location
can be deployed in a centralized or decentralized manner
Fog nodes are either…
Physical: gateways, switches, routers, servers, …
Virtual: virtualized switches, virtual machines, cloudlets, …
Source: Iorga M, Feldman L, Barton R, Martin MJ, Goren N, Mahmoudi C (2018) Fog computing conceptual model (NIST SP 500-325).
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.500-325.pdf. Accessed 17 Sept 2019

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
65 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Nodes — Examples
Cloud&Heat: Data Center in the ‚Box‘

Source: https://www.cloudandheat.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/06/cebitCloudHeat-9511.jpg

Image source: Tordera et al. (2016): What is a Fog Node? A Tutorial on Current Concepts towards a Common Definition. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1611/1611.09193.pdf.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
66 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Computing’s Key Characteristics

Contextual Geographical Autonomy & Interoperability Real-time Scalability and

location distribution Heterogeneity and Federation Interactions Agility of
awareness and Distributed in Virtual and Cooperation Real-time Federated Fog
low latency environment, physical devices between decision making Clusters
Devices are so that low with widely different fog without Scalability is
aware of their latency is varying service interruptions reached
location which guaranteed. functions can providers is (e.g. through the
enables Keeping the be fog nodes. required, and autonomous clustered
Location based data locally also fog nodes must car) architecture
Services (LBS) avoids security be compatible
issues with each other

Predominance of
Support for Mobility
Wireless Access

Source: Iorga M, Feldman L, Barton R, Martin MJ, Goren N, Mahmoudi C (2018) Fog computing conceptual model (NIST SP 500-325).
Source: Yi S, Qin Z, Li Q (2015) Security and privacy issues of fog computing: a survey. Paper presented at the international conference on wireless algorithms, systems, and applications
Source: Bonomi F, Milito R, Zhu J, Addepalli S (2012) Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Paper presented at the first edition of the MCC workshop on mobile cloud computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
67 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Contextual Location Awareness and Low Latency

Contextual
location
awareness and
low latency

Fog nodes are aware of…

their logical location in the context of the entire system
the latency costs for communicating with other nodes
Because fog nodes are often co-located with the smart end-devices, analysis and
response to data generated by these devices is much quicker than from a
centralized cloud service
→ Fog computing offers the lowest-possible latency
Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
68 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Geographical Distribution

Geographical
distribution

Fog computing consists of many fog nodes that are distributed in the environment
Based on this distribution, fog nodes can track the location of the end-devices
Demanded by applications and services that…
need low latency for real-time decision making,
are location-based or
have special security requirements
Distributed endpoints and fog nodes ensure context awareness
Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
69 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Autonomy and Heterogenity

Autonomy &
Heterogeneity

Autonomy: fog nodes can operate independently and make own decisions local
Fog computing has many heterogeneous fog nodes:
They can be virtual or physical
Their functions range from collecting data up to analyzing or processing huge
amounts of data and can change immediately
The variety of distributed environments, where fog computing is used (office
environment vs. outdoor environment)
Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
70 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Interoperability and Federation

Interoperability
and Federation

Fog nodes must be able to interoperate and services must be federated across different
domains
Fog computing supports hierarchical structures. Nodes can be configured to deliver the
service as stand-alone fog node (organized vertically) or as federated node to form clusters
that provide horizontal scalability over disperse geolocations (organized horizontally)
Interoperability refers to that each fog node is able to provide and receive services from other
actors in the fog infrastructure and to use these services to operate effectively together

Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
71 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Real-time Interactions

Real-time
Interactions

Fog computing applications involve real-time interactions

rather than batch processing
Fog computing supports for example real-time decision
making for speedy services without any interruptions
In the context of connected cars, the real-time interactions
of fog computing between vehicles, access points and
traffic lights makes it much safer and more effective

Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources
Image Source: [Google Self-Driving car] by Smoothgroover22, May 28th 2014. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
72 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Key characteristics:
Scalability and Agility of Federated Fog Clusters

Scalability and
Agility of
Federated Fog
Clusters

Fog computing is designed to cover millions of end-devices → can handle large

scales and elastic scalability
Each fog node merely takes care of a small part of the demand → total pressure
on cloud computing is reduced
Fog computing is scalable because of its different clusters of fog nodes or even
clusters of clusters
Supporting elastic compute, resource pooling, data-load changes, and network
condition variations
Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
73 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Additional Characteristics of Fog Computing
In addition to these six key characteristics, the following characteristics
are often associated with fog computing:
Predominance of wireless access: The large scale of wireless sensors in IoT
implementations demand distributed computing power
Support for mobility: Fog nodes can communicate directly with mobile devices
→ enables mobile data analytics (opportunity for IoT, smart city or smart
vehicles). Mobility is a key distinction between fog computing and cloud
computing.

Source: Refer to previous slide and reference list for further sources

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
74 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Computing Tasks & Roles

Source: Blume M, Lins S, Sunyaev A (2023) Uncovering Effective Roles and Tasks for Fog Systems. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference On Service-Oriented And Cloud
Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
76 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Computing Tasks & Roles

Source: Blume M, Lins S, Sunyaev A (2023) Uncovering Effective Roles and Tasks for Fog Systems. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference On Service-Oriented And Cloud
Computing

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
77 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog, Edge, and Cloud Computing

Cloud data center Core

Cloud

Internet Internet Internet

Fog Fog Fog Fog

nodes nodes nodes

Edge Edge

Image source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
adapted from Hu P, Dhelim S, Ning H, Qiu T (2017) Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies,applications and open issues. J Netw Comput Appl 98:27 – 42

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
78 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Edge Computing
Definition
Edge computing refers to the enabling technologies allowing computation to be
performed at the edge of the network, on downstream data on behalf of cloud
services and upstream data on behalf of IoT services.

Describes end-device layer, which are used for local computations or sensing
Sensors, actuators, or other smart devices
Main difference to fog computing: proximity of computation to the sensing
Example: Smartphone connected to sensors on the body (heart rate etc.)

Source: Shi W, Cao J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xu L (2016) Edge computing: vision and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J 3(5):637 – 646
Source: Iorga M, Feldman L, Barton R, Martin MJ, Goren N, Mahmoudi C (2018) Fog computing conceptual model (NIST SP 500-325).

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
79 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Enabling Technologies — Overview
Tagging Sensor Smart Miniaturization
Technologies Technologies Technologies Technologies
Identification Perception Intelligence Size

Image so urce: A dapted fr om [Wireless Sen sor Image so urce: [Kün stliche Intellige nz] b y
Image so urce: [Access co ntr ol] by Plank Image source: [Chip] by Altmann Gerd, June 3th
Susann e, July 3r d 2 019. Pixabay License.
Networ k] by Mohammed Mehdi Sale h, Apr il Altmann Ger d, May 1 1th 201 8. Pixabay 2020. Pixabay License.
16th 2019 . License.
To embed intelligence in
Tagging technologies Sensors collect data “Things become all kinds of physical
about the real world.
allow to track and count They smart” they are being objects, computer chips
virtually any physical can augment and equipped with data and sensors need to
object. complement human processing become ever so
senses. capabilities. smaller.
Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
Source: Swan M (2012) Sensor mania! The internet of things, wearable computing, objective metrics, and the quantified self 2.0. J Sens Actuator Netw 1(3):217 – 253

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
80 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
‘Things‘ in the Edge Layer
Smart devices tend to be multi-
Smart purpose ICT devices, operating as a
Devices single portal to access sets of popular
multiple application services that may
Image source: [Smart Objects] by Altmann Gerd, reside locally on the device or remotely
May 13t h 2018. Pixabay License.
on servers.
Smart
Smart Objects are physical Objects
objects augmented with Image source: [Smart Devices] by Altmann
sensing, processing, and Gerd, August 1th 2018. Pixabay License.

network capabilities that act

autonomous, make sense of Smart A Smart Environment is a physical
Environ-
their situation, and ments world that is richly and invisibly
interact with humans and interwoven with sensors, actuators,
other objects. displays, and computational
elements, embedded seamlessly in
Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed
Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer the everyday objects of our lives, and
Source: S. Poslad, Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments, and
Interactions, 2009. G. Kortuem et al., Smart Objects as Building Blocks for the
connected through a continuous
Internet of Things, 2010 network.
Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Image source: [Smart Enviroment] by Moondance,
Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
81 3 July 2025 April 6 2021. Pixabay License.
th

Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)

Layered Model of Cloud, Fog, and Edge Computing

Edge

Image source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems Image source: Apapted from Recent advances in mobile edge computing and content cach
and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer By Sunitha Safavat, Naveen Naik Sapavath, Danda B.Rawat.
adapted from Hu P, Dhelim S, Ning H, Qiu T (2017) Survey on fog computing: architecture, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352864819300227.
key technologies,applications and open issues. J Netw Comput Appl 98:27 – 42 Accessed on 22.03.2022.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
83 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Challenges of Fog and Edge Computing (1/4)

1 Security The distributed architecture is not optimal to deploy

fog and edge nodes outside safe data centres
The heterogeneous nature of fog and edge nodes
makes the pursuit of trust more difficult
2 Heterogeneity
Authentication at different levels of fog nodes is the
primary security issue of fog computing
The massive number of objects and widely
3 Programming platform distributed data pose challenges in the access
control
Network security is the most common issue is the
intrusion detection
4 Energy management There are three critical categories of privacy issues
(data privacy, usage privacy, and location privacy)

Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
Source: Hu P, Dhelim S, Ning H, Qiu T (2017) Survey on fog computing: architecture, key technologies, applications and open issues. J Netw Comput Appl 98:27 – 42
Source: Yi S, Qin Z, Li Q (2015) Security and privacy issues of fog computing: a survey. Paper presented at the international conference on wireless algorithms, systems, and
applications

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
84 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Challenges of Fog and Edge Computing (2/4)

1 Security
Computational and storage capabilities of
fog, edge, and cloud computing differ
significantly from each other
2 Heterogeneity Variation between and within different fog
and edge domains
Data is generated from different end devices,
3 Programming platform with various processors, having to interact
with each other
Network infrastructure of fog and edge
computing includes not only high-speed
4 Energy management
links, but also wireless access technologies
Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
Source: Mahmud R, Kotagiri R, Buyya R (2018) Fog computing: a taxonomy, survey and future directions. In: Di Martino B, Li K-C, Yang LT, Esposito A (eds) Internet of everything:
algorithms, methodologies, technologies and perspectives. Springer, Singapore, pp 103 – 130
Source: Mouradian C, Naboulsi D, Yangui S, Glitho RH, Morrow MJ, Polakos PA (2018) A comprehensive survey on fog computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE
Commun Surv Tutorials 20(1):416 – 464

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
85 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Challenges of Fog and Edge Computing (3/4)

1 Security

The computation is done in user

end-devices that most likely run
2 Heterogeneity on heterogeneous platforms
Programming in such
heterogeneous platforms is a
3 Programming platform huge challenge
The need for a unified
development framework has
become indispensable
4 Energy management

Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
86 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Challenges of Fog and Edge Computing (4/4)

1 Security

2 Heterogeneity Many distributed nodes raise

expected energy consumption
Therefore, the need for new and
3 Programming platform effective energy-saving
protocols and architectures rises

4 Energy management

Source: Sunyaev, A (2020) Internet Computing. Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies, Springer
Source: Shi W, Cao J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xu L (2016) Edge computing: vision and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J 3(5):637 – 646

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
87 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog and Edge Computing Use Cases

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
88 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Public Fogs in Buses
Inter-State Bus Greyhound has launched “BLUE”,
an on-board Fog computing system over inter-
state buses for entertainment services
Fog server can be deployed inside the bus
Fog provides on-board video streaming, gaming
and social networking services to travellers using
WiFi
The on-board Fog server connects to the Cloud
through cellular networks to refresh the pre-
catched contents and update application services
Using its computing facility, the Fog server can
also collect and process user’s data, such as
number of travellers and their feedbacks, and
report to cloud

Source: Gao L., Luan T.H., Liu B., Zhou W., Yu S. (2017) Fog Computing and Its Applications in 5G. In: Xiang W., Zheng K., Shen X. (eds) 5G Mobile Communications. Springer, Cham.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
89 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Hilti Nuron
Resource management
software
Sensors in devices and
batteries automatically capture
information on location,
utilization, usage, errors and
performance status
Using fog nodes to
communicate with tools on the
construction side
Connect tools via fog nodes
Source: https://www.hilti.de/content/hilti/E3/DE/de/business/business/productivity/nuron -data-driven-services.html#nav/close

with the Hilti Cloud

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
90 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Maritime Fog Computing
Ocean researchers contribute to a better understanding of global climate change, biodiversity
protection, ocean resource development, and intelligent maritime transportation.
Sensing and communication technologies, ranging from deep sea sensing to on-water maritime service,
such as marine pollution monitoring, search and rescue (SAR) at sea…
Research proposes to use cargo ships and passenger ships and coastal infrastructures (e.g.,
lighthouses and base stations on the shore) as maritime fog nodes

Source: C. Zhu, W. Zhang, Y. -H. Chiang, N. Ye, L. Du and J. An, "Software-Defined Maritime Fog Computing: Architecture, Advantages, and Feasibility," in
IEEE Network, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 26-33, March/April 2022, doi: 10.1109/MNET.003.2100433.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
91 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Transportation — Decentralizing maintenance
Transport companies are under constant pressure not just to make deliveries on time but
to maintain their vehicles as well
Companies using edge devices onboard of trucks monitoring the condition of brake pads
and how much mileage a vehicle has
This produces valuable data but there is the problem of poor connectivity in areas where
there is no cellular coverage during transit
No cellular coverage means that data can’t be transmitted to the cloud
The fog computing solution is to send that data to a fog node and notify the driver if action
needs to be taken
→ Decentralizing maintenance in this way
helps to ensure that vehicles stay updated
and on the road.
Source: What is Fog Computing by Keary Tim. https://www.itprc.com/fog-computing/
Image source: [Self driving transport vehicle] by Linneakornehed, July 3th 2018. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
92 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Computing in Health Care
A wide variety of research about monitoring, detection, diagnosis and visualization of
health maladies have been proposed in recent years
Cao et al. (2015) proposed FAST: A fog computing assisted distributed analytics system to
monitor fall for stroke mitigation
They implemented fall detection algorithms and incorporated them into fog-based
distributed fall detection system, which distribute the analytics throughout the network by
splitting the detection task between the edge devices (smart phones attached to the users)
and the server (servers in the cloud)

Source: Shi W, Cao J, Zhang Q, Li Y, Xu L (2016) Edge Computing: Vision and Challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3 (5):637-646. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2016.2579198
Image source: [First Aid] by Gordon Johnson, September 27th 2017. Pixabay License.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
93 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Manufacturing Execution Systems

Manufacturing execution systems

(MES) are central tools to control
the factory operation
Fog-based MES may supervise the
process control systems, collects
data on the process and handles
non-conformances
Low-latency and high fault-
tolerance ensure 100% productivity
of machines in each factory

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
94 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Vehicular Fog
Computing Based
Traffic Information
Delivery System to
Support Connected
Self-Driving Vehicles
in Intersection
Environment

Source: Youn J. (2020) Vehicular Fog Computing Based Traffic Information Delivery System to Support Connected Self-driving Vehicles in Intersection Environment. In:
Park J., Park DS., Jeong YS., Pan Y. (eds) Advances in Computer Science and Ubiquitous Computing. CUTE 2018, CSA 2018. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering,
vol 536. Springer, Singapore
Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
95 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Public Fogs in Shopping Centers
Quickly exchange information with fog nodes inside of a shopping center

Source: Gao L., Luan T.H., Liu B., Zhou W., Yu S. (2017) Fog Computing and Its Applications in 5G. In: Xiang W., Zheng K., Shen X. (eds) 5G Mobile Communications. Springer, Cham.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
96 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog Computing as an Integrated Large-Scale
Network for Localized Information Disseminations
Assuming that a store installs a fog server at
its parking lot with the purpose to distribute the
store flyer
In step 1, the store uploads flyers to the fog
server via wireless connections, and the fog
server distributes the flyers wirelessly to
vehicles driving through its coverage using
wireless communications
With the vehicle moving to different locations,
it can further disseminate the cached flyers to
other vehicles using wireless communications,
as depicted in step 2.
In step 3, the flyers can also be retrieved and
cached at other fog servers deployed at
different locations, e.g., bus stop, and further
propagated in the network

Source: Gao L., Luan T.H., Liu B., Zhou W., Yu S. (2017) Fog Computing and Its Applications in 5G. In: Xiang W., Zheng K., Shen X. (eds) 5G Mobile Communications. Springer, Cham.

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
97 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Questions

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
98 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Questions
1. What are the main characteristics of cloud services?
2. What are the major reasons for organizations moving into the cloud?
3. Which risks that cloud service customers face, have been addressed by cloud
providers?
4. What are the key characteristics of fog and edge computing?
5. What is the role of a fog node in the fog computing environment?
6. Why is fog computing an add-on for the traditional cloud computing model?
7. What are the differences between edge computing and fog computing?
8. What are the challenges of fog and edge computing?

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
99 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Further Readings and References

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
100 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Cloud Computing Further Reading
Benlian, A., Kettinger, W. J., Sunyaev, A., Winkler, T. J., & GUEST
EDITORS. (2018). The transformative value of cloud computing: a
decoupling, platformization, and recombination theoretical framework.
Journal of management information systems, 35(3), 719-739.
Fernandes, D. A., Soares, L. F., Gomes, J. V., Freire, M. M., & Inácio, P.
R. (2014). Security issues in cloud environments: a survey. International
Journal of Information Security, 13(2), 113-170.
Lins S, Schneider S, Sunyaev A (2019) Cloud-Service-Zertifizierung: Ein
Rahmenwerk und Kriterienkatalog zur Zertifizierung von Cloud-Services,
2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Marston, S., Li, Z., Bandyopadhyay, S., Zhang, J., & Ghalsasi, A. (2011).
Cloud computing—The business perspective. Decision support
systems, 51(1), 176-189.
Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
101 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog and Edge Computing Further Reading
Bonomi F, Milito R, Zhu J, Addepalli S (2012) Fog computing and its role in
the internet of things. Paper presented at the fi rst edition of the MCC
workshop on mobile cloud computing, Helsinki, 17 Aug 2012
Iorga M, Feldman L, Barton R, Martin MJ, Goren N, Mahmoudi C (2018)
Fog computing conceptual model (NIST SP 500-325).
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.500-325.pdf.
Kai K, Cong W, Tao L (2016) Fog computing for vehicular ad-hoc networks:
paradigms, scenarios,and issues. J China Univ Posts Telecommun 23(2):56
– 96
Mahmood Z (2018) Fog computing: concepts, frameworks and
technologies, 1st edn. Springer, Cham
Yi S, Qin Z, Li Q (2015) Security and privacy issues of fog computing: a
survey. Paper presented at the international conference on wireless
algorithms, systems, and applications, Qufu,10 – 12 Aug 2015

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
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Cloud Computing References 4/4
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Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
106 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
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107 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
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Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
108 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)
Fog and Edge Computing References 3/3
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Aug 20 15

Prof. Dr. Ali Sunyaev — AI: Internet Computing Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods (AIFB)
109 3 July 2025
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Lins Critical Information Infrastructures (cii)