Section 1: Descriptive Statistics (1–20)

1. The mean of a dataset is:

a) The middle value
b) The sum of all values divided by the number of values
c) The most frequent value
d) The difference between maximum and minimum
Answer: b
2. The median is:
a) The average of all values
b) The middle value in a sorted dataset
c) The most frequent value
d) The range
Answer: b
3. The mode of a dataset is:
a) The smallest value
b) The most frequently occurring value
c) The average
d) The middle value
Answer: b
4. Range of a dataset is:
a) Maximum – Minimum
b) Mean ± SD
c) Median – Mode
d) Q3 – Q1
Answer: a
5. Variance measures:
a) Central tendency
b) Spread of the data
c) Skewness
d) Kurtosis
Answer: b
6. Standard deviation is:
a) Square root of variance
b) Square of variance
c) Mean of squared differences
d) Difference between max and min
Answer: a
7. Which measure is resistant to outliers?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Standard Deviation
d) Variance
Answer: b
8. For skewed data, the best measure of central tendency is:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: b
9. Coefficient of variation is defined as:
a) SD / Mean
b) Variance / Mean
c) SD × Mean
d) Mean / SD
Answer: a
10. Which is most affected by extreme values?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) IQR
d) Mode
Answer: a
11. A dataset has values [2, 4, 6, 8, 100]. The median is:
a) 6
b) 8
c) 20
d) 100
Answer: a
12. Variance units are:
a) Same as data
b) Square of data units
c) Inverse of data units
d) Dimensionless
Answer: b
13. Standard deviation units are:
a) Same as data
b) Square of data units
c) Inverse of data units
d) Dimensionless
Answer: a
14. Which of the following is a measure of spread?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Standard deviation
d) Mode
Answer: c
15. The sum of deviations from mean is always:
a) Positive
b) Negative
c) Zero
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: c
16. A dataset has two peaks; it is called:
a) Unimodal
b) Bimodal
c) Trimodal
d) Uniform
Answer: b
17. Quartiles divide the dataset into:
a) 2 equal parts
b) 3 equal parts
c) 4 equal parts
d) 5 equal parts
Answer: c
18. The second quartile (Q2) is the same as:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Standard deviation
Answer: b
19. Skewness affects which measure the most?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) IQR
Answer: a
20. The 90th percentile indicates:
a) 10% of data is below this value
b) 90% of data is below this value
c) Median value
d) Maximum value
Answer: b

Section 2: Interquartile Range (IQR) (21–40)

21. IQR is calculated as:
a) Q1 – Q3
b) Q3 – Q1
c) Max – Min
d) Mean ± SD
Answer: b
22. Q1 represents:
a) 10th percentile
b) 25th percentile
c) 50th percentile
d) 75th percentile
Answer: b
23. Q3 represents:
a) 10th percentile
b) 25th percentile
c) 50th percentile
d) 75th percentile
Answer: d
24. IQR measures:
a) Central tendency
b) Spread of middle 50% of data
c) Total variability
d) Skewness
Answer: b
25. Outliers can be detected using IQR if a value is:
a) Below Q1 – 1.5×IQR or above Q3 + 1.5×IQR
b) Between Q1 and Q3
c) Equal to median
d) None
Answer: a
26. IQR is:
a) Sensitive to outliers
b) Resistant to outliers
c) Same as variance
d) Same as SD
Answer: b
27. For dataset [5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 18, 20], Q1 = ?
a) 7
b) 8
c) 12
d) 15
Answer: a
28. For the same dataset, Q3 = ?
a) 12
b) 15
c) 18
d) 20
Answer: c
29. IQR of [5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 18, 20] is:
a) 8
b) 10
c) 12
d) 15
Answer: b
30. Boxplots visually show:
a) Central tendency
b) Spread and outliers
c) Skewness only
d) Correlation
Answer: b
31. Extreme values in IQR analysis are called:
a) Quartiles
b) Outliers
c) Mean deviations
d) Skew points
Answer: b
32. IQR is more useful than range when:
a) Data is symmetric
b) Data contains outliers
c) Data is categorical
d) Data is discrete
Answer: b
33. Q2 – Q1 = ?
a) Lower quartile range
b) IQR
c) Upper quartile range
d) Median deviation
Answer: a
34. IQR helps in:
a) Standardization
b) Normalization
c) Detecting outliers
d) Regression analysis
Answer: c
35. A small IQR indicates:
a) High variability
b) Low variability
c) Presence of outliers
d) Skewness
Answer: b
36. A large IQR indicates:
a) Low variability
b) High variability
c) Symmetry
d) Normal distribution
Answer: b
37. Whiskers in boxplot usually represent:
a) IQR
b) 1.5×IQR
c) SD
d) Mean ± SD
Answer: b
38. Median line in boxplot represents:
a) Q1
b) Q2
c) Q3
d) Mean
Answer: b
39. Which is a resistant measure of spread?
a) SD
b) IQR
c) Variance
d) Mean
Answer: b
40. Interquartile range is used in:
a) Z-score calculation
b) Outlier detection
c) Correlation calculation
d) Regression modeling
Answer: b

Section 3: Gaussian (Normal) Distribution (41–60)

41. Gaussian distribution is also called:
a) Uniform distribution
b) Normal distribution
c) Binomial distribution
d) Poisson distribution
Answer: b
42. In normal distribution:
a) Mean = Median = Mode
b) Mean > Median > Mode
c) Mean < Median < Mode
d) Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode
Answer: a
43. Standard deviation determines:
a) Center
b) Spread
c) Skewness
d) Kurtosis
Answer: b
44. In a normal distribution, ~68% of data lies within:
a) ±1 SD
b) ±2 SD
c) ±3 SD
d) ±0.5 SD
Answer: a
45. ~95% of data lies within:
a) ±1 SD
b) ±2 SD
c) ±3 SD
d) ±4 SD
Answer: b
46. ~99.7% of data lies within:
a) ±1 SD
b) ±2 SD
c) ±3 SD
d) ±4 SD
Answer: c
47. Z-score formula is:
a) (X – Mean)/SD
b) (Mean – X)/Variance
c) SD/Mean
d) Mean/SD
Answer: a
48. Z-score indicates:
a) Distance from mean in SD units
b) Median value
c) Mode
d) Quartile position
Answer: a
49. Standard normal distribution has:
a) Mean = 0, SD = 1
b) Mean = 1, SD = 0
c) Mean = 0, SD = 0
d) Mean = 1, SD = 1
Answer: a
50. Negative Z-score means:
a) Value above mean
b) Value below mean
c) Value = mean
d) Outlier
Answer: b
51. Normal distribution is:
a) Symmetric
b) Skewed
c) Uniform
d) Bimodal
Answer: a
52. Bell-shaped curve represents:
a) Normal distribution
b) Uniform distribution
c) Skewed distribution
d) Exponential distribution
Answer: a
53. Skewness of perfect normal distribution is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) Undefined
Answer: a
54. Kurtosis measures:
a) Spread
b) Peakedness
c) Skewness
d) Mean
Answer: b
55. High kurtosis indicates:
a) Flat distribution
b) Heavy tails
c) Symmetry
d) Outliers absent
Answer: b
56. Low kurtosis indicates:
a) Flat distribution
b) Heavy tails
c) Normal distribution
d) Positive skew
Answer: a
57. Empirical rule applies to:
a) Normal distribution
b) Uniform distribution
c) Exponential distribution
d) Binomial distribution
Answer: a
58. Standardizing data converts it to:
a) Z-scores
b) Quartiles
c) Mean ± SD
d) Percentiles
Answer: a
59. Probability density function is used in:
a) Regression
b) Normal distribution
c) Clustering
d) Classification
Answer: b
60. Area under normal curve equals:
a) 0
b) 0.5
c) 1
d) SD
Answer: c

Section 4: Skewness (61–80)

61. Skewness measures:
a) Central tendency
b) Spread
c) Symmetry of distribution
d) Correlation
Answer: c
62. Positive skew means:
a) Tail on left
b) Tail on right
c) Symmetric
d) Uniform
Answer: b
63. Negative skew means:
a) Tail on left
b) Tail on right
c) Symmetric
d) Uniform
Answer: a
64. For positive skew:
a) Mean > Median > Mode
b) Mean < Median < Mode
c) Mean = Median = Mode
d) Mode > Median > Mean
Answer: a
65. For negative skew:
a) Mean > Median > Mode
b) Mean < Median < Mode
c) Mean = Median = Mode
d) Mode > Median > Mean
Answer: a
66. Skewness of normal distribution is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) Undefined
Answer: a
67. High skewness indicates:
a) Symmetry
b) Extreme values
c) Low variability
d) Normality
Answer: b
68. Median is more robust to skew than:
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) SD
d) IQR
Answer: a
69. Log transformation helps to:
a) Reduce positive skew
b) Reduce negative skew
c) Increase spread
d) Normalize SD
Answer: a
70. Boxplot shows skew by:
a) Quartiles and whiskers
b) Mean only
c) SD only
d) Z-score
Answer: a
71. Skewed data affects:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) All
Answer: d
72. Symmetric distribution skewness is:
a) 0
b) Positive
c) Negative
d) Undefined
Answer: a
73. Right-skewed data has:
a) Long right tail
b) Long left tail
c) No tail
d) Uniform tail
Answer: a
74. Left-skewed data has:
a) Long right tail
b) Long left tail
c) Symmetric tail
d) Uniform
Answer: b
75. Skewness formula uses:
a) Cubed deviations from mean
b) Squared deviations
c) Absolute deviations
d) Quartiles
Answer: a
76. Pearson’s skewness coefficient uses:
a) Mean, Median, SD
b) Median only
c) Quartiles
d) Variance only
Answer: a
77. High positive skew may indicate:
a) Outliers on right
b) Outliers on left
c) Symmetry
d) Low SD
Answer: a
78. High negative skew may indicate:
a) Outliers on left
b) Outliers on right
c) Symmetry
d) Normal distribution
Answer: a
79. Transformations to reduce skew include:
a) Log
b) Square root
c) Cube root
d) All of the above
Answer: d
80. Skewness affects which measure the most?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) IQR
Answer: a

Section 5: Mixed / Applied Statistics (81–100)

81. Variance formula uses:
a) Squared deviations from mean
b) Cubed deviations from mean
c) Absolute deviations
d) Quartiles
Answer: a
82. Median splits the dataset into:
a) 25%-75%
b) 50%-50%
c) 33%-67%
d) 40%-60%
Answer: b
83. Outliers inflate:
a) Median
b) IQR
c) Range
d) Mode
Answer: c
84. Empirical rule applies to:
a) Normal distribution
b) Skewed data
c) Uniform data
d) Categorical data
Answer: a
85. Boxplot whiskers typically extend to:
a) Q1 – 1.5×IQR and Q3 + 1.5×IQR
b) Min and Max
c) Mean ± SD
d) Median ± SD
Answer: a
86. Z-score > 3 may indicate:
a) Outlier
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Quartile
Answer: a
87. Standardizing data results in:
a) Mean 0, SD 1
b) Mean 1, SD 0
c) Median 0, IQR 1
d) Mean = SD
Answer: a
88. Skewness > 1 indicates:
a) High positive skew
b) Moderate positive skew
c) Negative skew
d) Symmetry
Answer: a
89. Skewness < –1 indicates:
a) High negative skew
b) Moderate negative skew
c) Positive skew
d) Symmetry
Answer: a
90. SD measures:
a) Spread around mean
b) Spread around median
c) Spread around mode
d) Quartile deviation
Answer: a
91. Quartile deviation =
a) (Q3 – Q1)/2
b) Q3 – Q1
c) Mean – Median
d) SD/2
Answer: a
92. Mean > Median indicates:
a) Positive skew
b) Negative skew
c) Symmetric
d) Uniform
Answer: a
93. Median > Mean indicates:
a) Positive skew
b) Negative skew
c) Symmetric
d) Uniform
Answer: b
94. Z-score formula standardizes:
a) Continuous data
b) Categorical data
c) Ordinal data
d) Nominal data
Answer: a
95. Outliers are extreme values:
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
96. Boxplot central line shows:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Quartile deviation
Answer: b
97. Gaussian curve is:
a) Symmetric
b) Skewed right
c) Skewed left
d) Uniform
Answer: a
98. IQR is a:
a) Robust measure of spread
b) Sensitive measure of spread
c) Measure of central tendency
d) Measure of skew
Answer: a
99. Skewness formula involves:
a) Cubed deviations / SD³
b) Squared deviations / SD²
c) Absolute deviations / SD
d) Quartile deviations / SD
Answer: a
100. In a normal distribution, ~34% of data lies between:
a) Mean and +1 SD
b) Mean and –1 SD
c) Median and Q1
d) Median and Q3
Answer: a