Java, Spring Boot, Microservices, and Angular

Interview Preparation Guide

August 2025

Contents
1 Core Java & OOPs 4
1.1 Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Difference between .equals() method and == operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Difference between method overloading and method overriding . . . . . . . 5
1.4 What is Singleton class? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Create Singleton class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 What is thread safety and how do you ensure thread-safe classes? . . . . . . 6
1.7 How does HashMap work internally? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.8 Difference: HashMap vs Hashtable vs ConcurrentHashMap . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.9 How does HashMap work with Employee object as key? . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.10 What is immutability and how does it help in concurrency? . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.11 What is volatile and synchronized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.12 How many ways can an object be created in Java? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.13 What is the use of ResponseEntity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.14 What is meant by functional interfaces? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.15 How do functional interfaces work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.16 What is dependency injection and its types? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.17 Difference between IOC and Dependency Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.18 How many ways to achieve dependency injection and which is best? . . . . 9
1.19 @Primary vs @Qualifier — which takes priority? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.20 How to create beans manually? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.21 What is the difference between @RestController and @Controller? . . . . . 9
1.22 What is @SpringBootApplication annotation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.23 What are stereotype annotations in Spring Boot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.24 What is path variable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.25 What is the default server in Spring Boot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.26 What is the default port in Spring Boot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Java 8 Features 11
2.1 Java 8 features used in your project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 What is a lambda expression? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Write code using lambda expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 What is Stream API? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Intermediate vs terminal operations in streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 List of intermediate and terminal methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 Why Java introduced default and static methods in interfaces . . . . . . . . . 12
2.8 How to create an immutable class in Java . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1
2.9 How to use groupingBy() in streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.10 How to create an Optional of an employee object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.11 Use Java 8 streams to remove duplicates from a list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.12 Find 3rd highest salary using Java 8 streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Spring Boot & Microservices 14

3.1 How do you configure different environments in Spring Boot? . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 What is a Spring Boot profile and how did you use it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 What is exception handling and what is an advisor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 How does @Transactional annotation work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 What are the design patterns used in microservices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Explain each design pattern and when to use them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.7 What is microservices architecture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.8 Why microservices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.9 How do microservices communicate with each other? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.10 Difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication . . . . 15
3.11 When to use synchronous vs asynchronous communication . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.12 What is Kafka and how have you implemented it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.13 How have you used Spring Security in your project? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.14 What is JWT security and how have you used it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.15 What are the things to consider while developing REST APIs? . . . . . . . . . 17
3.16 Difference between PUT, POST, and PATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.17 API versioning strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.18 What is idempotency and why is it critical? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.19 How do you achieve idempotency in microservices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.20 Securing APIs using JWT and OAuth2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.21 Validating incoming payloads with annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.22 What are the steps to test Spring Boot microservices applications? . . . . . . 18
3.23 How to handle exceptions in Spring Boot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.24 How to create global exceptions and what annotations are used . . . . . . . 19
3.25 How to exclude classes from component scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.26 How does component scan work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.27 What is the most challenging task you’ve done? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.28 What are the top 3 performance bottlenecks in microservices? . . . . . . . . 19
3.29 How do you monitor microservices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.30 How do you ensure system resiliency under high load? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.31 What is centralized configuration and secrets management? . . . . . . . . . 20
3.32 What is service discovery (Eureka/Consul)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.33 Inter-service communication: Feign vs RestTemplate vs WebClient . . . . . 20
3.34 Circuit Breaker and Retry: Resilience4j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.35 Blue-green vs canary deployments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.36 Handling version mismatch between services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.37 What are Maven commands you use daily? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.38 Have you used Docker? Benefits and challenges? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4 Spring & Bean Lifecycle 21

4.1 Bean lifecycle and Spring container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Use of @Component, @Service, @Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Role of @ComponentScan, @Configuration, @Bean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4 What is Spring Boot auto-configuration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5 JPA & Database 22

2
5.1 What is Fetch Type (Lazy vs Eager Loading)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2 Lazy vs Eager loading — real-time use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 Complex entity relationship experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4 What is the N+1 query problem? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.5 How to optimize N+1 using Spring Data JPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.6 Difference between get() and load() in Hibernate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.7 Writing optimized JPQL and Criteria queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.8 Transaction management: @Transactional deep dive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6 Testing & Mocking 23

6.1 Differences between stubbing and mocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2 Why do we need both approaches? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3 What is Spy in Mockito and when to use it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.4 How to write JUnit test cases for static methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.5 What is the use of Mockito framework? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7 Coding & Problem Solving 24

7.1 Reverse a string by preserving word position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.2 Remove duplicates from string/array/list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.3 Longest substring without repeating characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.4 Check if two strings/numbers are palindrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7.5 Check if two strings/numbers are anagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.6 Sort an array/list/string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.7 Count occurrence of characters in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.8 Print duplicate characters in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.9 Print only special characters in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.10 Reverse the given string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.11 Print difference between two strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.12 Count words in a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.13 Find second highest element in an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.14 Find common elements of two arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.15 Decode string like a2b3c1 to aabbbc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.16 Check if a number is prime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.17 Generate Fibonacci series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.18 Find factorial of a number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.19 Find min and max element in an array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.20 Find max repeated word in a sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.21 Rotate array from k=2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
7.22 Merge characters from two strings alternately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.23 Find max repeated word in a sentence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.24 Modify and improve given code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.25 Find a file in a subdirectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.26 Write a method to fetch employee details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

8 Angular & Frontend 32

8.1 What is ng-content and how does content projection work? . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2 Difference between @ViewChild and @ContentChild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.3 Explain Dependency Injection in Angular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.4 How does Angular load dynamic components? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.5 What is the PipeTransform interface? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.6 How does Angular bootstrapping work via AppModule? . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.7 What is an HTTP interceptor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3
8.8 Common use cases of HTTP interceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.9 What is GraphQL and how does it compare to REST? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.10 Use Apollo in Angular to fetch GraphQL data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.11 Differences: BehaviorSubject, Subject, ReplaySubject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.12 Explain: switchMap, mergeMap, concatMap, exhaustMap . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.13 Design a semantic HTML navigation menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.14 List 5 semantic HTML tags and their uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.15 Fetch API data and display in a table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.16 Search by name using Reactive Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.17 Error handling on API failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8.18 Flatten a nested array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

9 Miscellaneous 36
9.1 What do you know about ISO8583? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.2 How do Angular applications interact with backend APIs? . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.3 How do you clone code from Git and commit changes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.4 How to resolve merge conflicts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.5 Daily Git commands you use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

10 Additional Frequently Asked Questions 37

10.1 What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions? . . . . 37
10.2 What is the purpose of @Autowired annotation in Spring? . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.3 What is the Circuit Breaker pattern in microservices? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Introduction

This document provides answers and examples for Java, Spring Boot, Microservices, and
Angular interview questions, organized by topic. Each question includes a beginner-
friendly explanation and a practical example, suitable for interview preparation. Addi-
tional common questions are included at the end.

1 Core Java & OOPs

1.1 Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer

Answer: String is immutable, creating new objects for modifications. StringBuilder is
mutable, non-thread-safe, and fast. StringBuffer is mutable, thread-safe, but slower due
to synchronization.
1 public class StringExample {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 String str = ”Hello”;
4 str += ” World”; // New object
5 [Link](str); // Hello World
6 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(”Hello”);
7 [Link](” World”);
8 [Link](sb); // Hello World
9 StringBuffer sbf = new StringBuffer(”Hello”);
10 [Link](” World”);
11 [Link](sbf); // Hello World
12 }
13 }

4
1.2 Difference between .equals() method and == operator
Answer: == compares object references or primitive values. .equals() compares object
content, customizable for classes.
1 public class EqualsExample {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 String s1 = new String(”Hello”);
4 String s2 = new String(”Hello”);
5 [Link](s1 == s2); // false
6 [Link]([Link](s2)); // true
7 String s3 = ”Hello”;
8 String s4 = ”Hello”;
9 [Link](s3 == s4); // true
10 }
11 }

1.3 Difference between method overloading and method overriding

Answer: Overloading uses different parameters in the same class (compile-time). Over-
riding redefines a method in a subclass (runtime).
1 class Animal {
2 void sound() { [Link](”Animal sound”); }
3 }
4 class Dog extends Animal {
5 void sound() { [Link](”Dog barks”); } // Override
6 void sound(String type) { [Link](”Dog ” + type); } //
Overload
7 }
8 public class PolymorphismExample {
9 public static void main(String[] args) {
10 Dog dog = new Dog();
11 [Link](); // Dog barks
12 [Link](”growls”); // Dog growls
13 }
14 }

1.4 What is Singleton class?

Answer: Ensures one instance with global access, used for shared resources.

1.5 Create Singleton class

Answer: Uses private constructor, static instance, and static access method.
1 public class Singleton {
2 private static Singleton instance;
3 private Singleton() {}
4 public static synchronized Singleton getInstance() {
5 if (instance == null) instance = new Singleton();
6 return instance;
7 }
8 public static void main(String[] args) {
9 Singleton s1 = [Link]();
10 Singleton s2 = [Link]();
11 [Link](s1 == s2); // true
12 }

5
13 }

1.6 What is thread safety and how do you ensure thread-safe classes?
Answer: Thread safety prevents data corruption in multi-threaded environments using
synchronization, immutability, or thread-safe classes.
1 public class ThreadSafeCounter {
2 private int count = 0;
3 public synchronized void increment() { count++; }
4 public synchronized int getCount() { return count; }
5 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
6 ThreadSafeCounter counter = new ThreadSafeCounter();
7 Runnable task = () -> { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) counter.
increment(); };
8 Thread t1 = new Thread(task); Thread t2 = new Thread(task);
9 [Link](); [Link](); [Link](); [Link]();
10 [Link]([Link]()); // 2000
11 }
12 }

1.7 How does HashMap work internally?

Answer: Uses a hash table with buckets. Keys’ hashCode() determines bucket index;
collisions use linked lists or trees (Java 8+).
1 import [Link];
2 public class HashMapExample {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
5 [Link](”A”, 1);
6 [Link](”B”, 2);
7 [Link]([Link](”A”)); // 1
8 }
9 }

1.8 Difference: HashMap vs Hashtable vs ConcurrentHashMap

Answer: HashMap: non-thread-safe, allows nulls. Hashtable: thread-safe, no nulls.
ConcurrentHashMap: thread-safe, concurrent access, no nulls.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class MapComparison {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 HashMap<String, Integer> hm = new HashMap<>();
5 [Link](null, 1);
6 [Link](hm); // {null=1}
7 Hashtable<String, Integer> ht = new Hashtable<>();
8 ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer> chm = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
9 }
10 }

1.9 How does HashMap work with Employee object as key?

Answer: Uses Employee’s hashCode() and equals() for bucket placement and collision
resolution.

6
1 import [Link];
2 class Employee {
3 int id; String name;
4 Employee(int id, String name) { [Link] = id; [Link] = name; }
5 @Override public int hashCode() { return id * 31 + [Link](); }
6 @Override public boolean equals(Object obj) {
7 if (!(obj instanceof Employee)) return false;
8 Employee other = (Employee) obj;
9 return id == [Link] && [Link]([Link]);
10 }
11 }
12 public class HashMapEmployee {
13 public static void main(String[] args) {
14 HashMap<Employee, String> map = new HashMap<>();
15 Employee e1 = new Employee(1, ”Alice”);
16 [Link](e1, ”Developer”);
17 [Link]([Link](new Employee(1, ”Alice”))); // Developer
18 }
19 }

1.10 What is immutability and how does it help in concurrency?

Answer: Immutability prevents state changes, ensuring thread safety without synchro-
nization.
1 public final class ImmutableClass {
2 private final int value;
3 public ImmutableClass(int value) { [Link] = value; }
4 public int getValue() { return value; }
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 ImmutableClass obj = new ImmutableClass(42);
7 [Link]([Link]()); // 42
8 }
9 }

1.11 What is volatile and synchronized?

Answer: volatile ensures variable visibility; synchronized ensures mutual exclusion.
1 public class VolatileSynchronized {
2 private volatile boolean running = true;
3 public synchronized void update() { running = false; }
4 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
5 VolatileSynchronized vs = new VolatileSynchronized();
6 new Thread(() -> { while ([Link]) {} [Link](”Stopped”);
}).start();
7 [Link](1000);
8 [Link]();
9 }
10 }

1.12 How many ways can an object be created in Java?

Answer: Using new, [Link](), clone(), deserialization, factory methods.

7
1 public class ObjectCreation {
2 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
3 ObjectCreation obj1 = new ObjectCreation();
4 ObjectCreation obj2 = (ObjectCreation) [Link](”ObjectCreation”).
newInstance();
5 }
6 }

1.13 What is the use of ResponseEntity?

Answer: Represents HTTP response with status, headers, and body.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @RestController
4 public class ResponseEntityExample {
5 @GetMapping(”/user”)
6 public ResponseEntity<String> getUser() {
7 return new ResponseEntity<>(”User found”, [Link]);
8 }
9 }

1.14 What is meant by functional interfaces?

Answer: Interfaces with one abstract method, used with lambdas.
1 @FunctionalInterface
2 interface MyFunction { void apply(String s); }
3 public class FunctionalInterfaceExample {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 MyFunction func = s -> [Link](s);
6 [Link](”Hello”); // Hello
7 }
8 }

1.15 How do functional interfaces work?

Answer: Enable functional programming via lambda expressions.
1 import [Link];
2 public class FunctionalInterfaceWork {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 Consumer<String> consumer = s -> [Link](s);
5 [Link](”Hello Consumer”); // Hello Consumer
6 }
7 }

1.16 What is dependency injection and its types?

Answer: Provides dependencies externally. Types: constructor, setter, field injection.
1 import [Link];
2 import [Link];
3 @Component
4 class Service { public void serve() { [Link](”Serving”); } }
5 @Component

8
6 class Client {
7 private final Service service;
8 @Autowired
9 public Client(Service service) { [Link] = service; }
10 public void doWork() { [Link](); }
11 }

1.17 Difference between IOC and Dependency Injection

Answer: IoC inverts control to a framework; DI is a way to achieve IoC.
1 // See above (Question 16)

1.18 How many ways to achieve dependency injection and which is best?
Answer: Constructor, setter, field injection. Constructor is best for explicit dependen-
cies.
1 // See Question 16

1.19 @Primary vs @Qualifier — which takes priority?

Answer: @Primary sets default bean; @Qualifier overrides it.
1 import [Link];
2 import [Link].*;
3 interface Service {}
4 @Component @Primary
5 class DefaultService implements Service {}
6 @Component @Qualifier(”special”)
7 class SpecialService implements Service {}
8 @Component
9 class Client {
10 @Autowired @Qualifier(”special”) Service service;
11 }

1.20 How to create beans manually?

Answer: Use @Bean in a @Configuration class.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Configuration
3 public class AppConfig {
4 @Bean
5 public Service myService() { return new Service(); }
6 }

1.21 What is the difference between @RestController and @Controller?

Answer: @Controller returns view names; @RestController returns data (e.g., JSON).
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Controller
4 public class MyController {
5 @GetMapping(”/view”)

9
6 public String getView() { return ”view”; }
7 }
8 @RestController
9 public class MyRestController {
10 @GetMapping(”/api”)
11 public String getData() { return ”Data”; }
12 }

1.22 What is @SpringBootApplication annotation?

Answer: Combines @EnableAutoConfiguration, @ComponentScan, @Configuration.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @SpringBootApplication
4 public class Application {
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 [Link]([Link], args);
7 }
8 }

1.23 What are stereotype annotations in Spring Boot?

Answer: @Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller mark classes for scanning.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class MyService {
4 public void serve() { [Link](”Service”); }
5 }

1.24 What is path variable?

Answer: @PathVariable extracts URL path values.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @RestController
3 public class PathVariableExample {
4 @GetMapping(”/user/{id}”)
5 public String getUser(@PathVariable int id) {
6 return ”User ID: ” + id;
7 }
8 }

1.25 What is the default server in Spring Boot?

Answer: Tomcat.
1 // Run [Link] to start Tomcat

1.26 What is the default port in Spring Boot?

Answer: 8080.
1 // Access [Link]

10
2 Java 8 Features

2.1 Java 8 features used in your project

Answer: Lambda expressions, Stream API, Optional, default/static methods, forEach.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class Java8Features {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List<String> list = [Link](”A”, ”B”);
5 [Link](s -> [Link](s)); // A, B
6 }
7 }

2.2 What is a lambda expression?

Answer: Concise function representation: (params) -> expression.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class LambdaExample {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List<String> list = [Link](”A”, ”B”);
5 [Link](s -> [Link](s)); // A, B
6 }
7 }

2.3 Write code using lambda expression

1 import [Link].*;
2 public class LambdaCode {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 3);
5 [Link](n -> [Link](n * 2)); // 2, 4, 6
6 }
7 }

2.4 What is Stream API?

Answer: Processes collections functionally with operations like filter, map, collect.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class StreamExample {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 3, 4);
6 List<Integer> evens = [Link]()
7 .filter(n -> n % 2 == 0)
8 .collect([Link]());
9 [Link](evens); // [2, 4]
10 }
11 }

11
2.5 Intermediate vs terminal operations in streams
Answer: Intermediate (lazy, e.g., filter, map); terminal (triggers, e.g., collect, forEach).
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class StreamOperations {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 3);
5 [Link]().filter(n -> n > 1).forEach([Link]::println); // 2,
3
6 }
7 }

2.6 List of intermediate and terminal methods

Answer: Intermediate: filter, map, sorted, distinct. Terminal: collect, forEach, reduce,
count.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class StreamMethods {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 2, 3);
6 long count = [Link]().distinct().count(); // 3
7 [Link](count);
8 }
9 }

2.7 Why Java introduced default and static methods in interfaces

Answer: Default: Add methods without breaking implementations. Static: Utility meth-
ods.
1 interface MyInterface {
2 default void defaultMethod() { [Link](”Default”); }
3 static void staticMethod() { [Link](”Static”); }
4 }
5 class MyClass implements MyInterface {}
6 public class InterfaceExample {
7 public static void main(String[] args) {
8 new MyClass().defaultMethod(); // Default
9 [Link](); // Static
10 }
11 }

2.8 How to create an immutable class in Java

Answer: Use final class, final fields, no setters, deep copy for mutable objects.
1 public final class ImmutableClass {
2 private final int value;
3 public ImmutableClass(int value) { [Link] = value; }
4 public int getValue() { return value; }
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 ImmutableClass obj = new ImmutableClass(42);
7 [Link]([Link]()); // 42
8 }
9 }

12
2.9 How to use groupingBy() in streams
Answer: Groups elements by a classifier.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class GroupingByExample {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 List<String> names = [Link](”Alice”, ”Bob”, ”Adam”);
6 Map<Character, List<String>> grouped = [Link]()
7 .collect([Link](s -> [Link](0)));
8 [Link](grouped); // {A=[Alice, Adam], B=[Bob]}
9 }
10 }

2.10 How to create an Optional of an employee object

Answer: Wraps object to handle null cases.
1 import [Link];
2 class Employee {
3 String name;
4 Employee(String name) { [Link] = name; }
5 }
6 public class OptionalExample {
7 public static void main(String[] args) {
8 Optional<Employee> emp = [Link](new Employee(”Alice”));
9 [Link]([Link]().name); // Alice
10 }
11 }

2.11 Use Java 8 streams to remove duplicates from a list

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class RemoveDuplicates {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 2, 3);
6 List<Integer> unique = [Link]().distinct().collect(Collectors.
toList());
7 [Link](unique); // [1, 2, 3]
8 }
9 }

2.12 Find 3rd highest salary using Java 8 streams

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 class Employee {
4 double salary;
5 Employee(double salary) { [Link] = salary; }
6 double getSalary() { return salary; }
7 }
8 public class ThirdHighestSalary {
9 public static void main(String[] args) {
10 List<Employee> employees = [Link](

13
11 new Employee(50000), new Employee(70000), new Employee(60000)
12 );
13 double thirdHighest = [Link]()
14 .map(Employee::getSalary)
15 .distinct()
16 .sorted([Link]())
17 .skip(2)
18 .findFirst()
19 .orElse(0.0);
20 [Link](thirdHighest); // 0.0 (if <3 salaries)
21 }
22 }

3 Spring Boot & Microservices

3.1 How do you configure different environments in Spring Boot?

Answer: Use application-{profile}.properties and [Link].
1 # [Link]
2 [Link]=8081

1 import [Link].*;
2 @Profile(”dev”)
3 @Component
4 public class DevConfig {}

3.2 What is a Spring Boot profile and how did you use it?
Answer: Profiles activate environment-specific configurations.
1 # [Link]
2 [Link]=dev

3.3 What is exception handling and what is an advisor?

Answer: Exception handling manages errors; advisor combines AOP advice and point-
cut.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @RestController
4 public class ExceptionController {
5 @ExceptionHandler([Link])
6 public ResponseEntity<String> handleNPE() {
7 return new ResponseEntity<>(”Error”, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
8 }
9 }

3.4 How does @Transactional annotation work?

Answer: Manages transactions, ensuring atomicity.

14
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Service
4 public class UserService {
5 @Transactional
6 public void saveUser() {}
7 }

3.5 What are the design patterns used in microservices?

Answer: Circuit Breaker, API Gateway, Service Discovery, Event-Driven, CQRS.

3.6 Explain each design pattern and when to use them

Answer: Circuit Breaker: Prevents failures. API Gateway: Routing/security. Service
Discovery: Dynamic location. Event-Driven: Loose coupling. CQRS: Complex domains.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class MyService {
4 @CircuitBreaker(name = ”myService”)
5 public String callApi() { return ”Success”; }
6 }

3.7 What is microservices architecture?

Answer: Small, independent services communicating via APIs.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @RestController
3 public class UserController {
4 @GetMapping(”/users”)
5 public String getUsers() { return ”User List”; }
6 }

3.8 Why microservices?

Answer: Scalability, independent deployment, fault isolation.

3.9 How do microservices communicate with each other?

Answer: Via REST, message queues, or gRPC.
1 import [Link];
2 public class Communication {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
5 String response = [Link](”[Link]
”, [Link]);
6 }
7 }

3.10 Difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication

Answer: Synchronous: Blocking (REST). Asynchronous: Non-blocking (Kafka).

15
3.11 When to use synchronous vs asynchronous communication
Answer: Synchronous for immediate responses; asynchronous for decoupled systems.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class KafkaConsumer {
4 @KafkaListener(topics = ”myTopic”)
5 public void consume(String message) {
6 [Link](message);
7 }
8 }

3.12 What is Kafka and how have you implemented it?

Answer: Distributed messaging system for event-driven architectures.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Service
4 public class KafkaProducer {
5 @Autowired
6 private KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate;
7 public void sendMessage(String msg) {
8 [Link](”myTopic”, msg);
9 }
10 }

3.13 How have you used Spring Security in your project?

Answer: Secures applications via authentication/authorization.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Configuration
4 @EnableWebSecurity
5 public class SecurityConfig {
6 @Bean
7 public SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws
Exception {
8 [Link]().anyRequest().authenticated().and().httpBasic()
;
9 return [Link]();
10 }
11 }

3.14 What is JWT security and how have you used it?
Answer: Token-based authentication using JSON Web Tokens.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class JwtExample {
3 public String generateToken(String username) {
4 return [Link]()
5 .setSubject(username)
6 .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, ”secret”)
7 .compact();
8 }

16
9 }

3.15 What are the things to consider while developing REST APIs?
Answer: RESTful principles, versioning, error handling, security, documentation.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @RestController
4 @RequestMapping(”/api/v1”)
5 public class ApiController {
6 @GetMapping(”/users”)
7 public ResponseEntity<List<String>> getUsers() {
8 return [Link]([Link](”Alice”, ”Bob”));
9 }
10 }

3.16 Difference between PUT, POST, and PATCH

Answer: POST creates, PUT updates entire resource, PATCH updates partially.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @RestController
3 public class UserController {
4 @PostMapping(”/users”) public String createUser() { return ”Created”; }
5 @PutMapping(”/users/{id}”) public String updateUser(@PathVariable int id)
{ return ”Updated”; }
6 @PatchMapping(”/users/{id}”) public String patchUser(@PathVariable int id
) { return ”Patched”; }
7 }

3.17 API versioning strategies

Answer: URI versioning, query parameters, headers, media types.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @RestController
3 @RequestMapping(”/api/v1”)
4 public class VersionedController {
5 @GetMapping(”/users”)
6 public String getUsers() { return ”Version 1”; }
7 }

3.18 What is idempotency and why is it critical?

Answer: Ensures multiple identical requests have the same effect, critical for reliability.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @RestController
3 public class IdempotentController {
4 @PutMapping(”/users/{id}”)
5 public ResponseEntity<String> updateUser(@PathVariable int id) {
6 return [Link](”Updated”);
7 }
8 }

17
3.19 How do you achieve idempotency in microservices?
Answer: Use unique request IDs or design idempotent operations.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class IdempotentService {
4 private Set<String> processedIds = new HashSet<>();
5 public String process(String requestId) {
6 if ([Link](requestId)) return ”Already processed”;
7 [Link](requestId);
8 return ”Processed”;
9 }
10 }

3.20 Securing APIs using JWT and OAuth2

Answer: JWT for authentication, OAuth2 for authorization.
1 // See JWT example (Question 14)

3.21 Validating incoming payloads with annotations

Answer: Use @Valid and Bean Validation annotations.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class User {
3 @NotNull private String name;
4 }
5 import [Link].*;
6 import [Link].*;
7 @RestController
8 public class UserController {
9 @PostMapping(”/users”)
10 public ResponseEntity<String> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {
11 return [Link](”Valid”);
12 }
13 }

3.22 What are the steps to test Spring Boot microservices applications?
Answer: Unit tests, integration tests, mock external services, test REST APIs.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 import [Link].*;
4 @SpringBootTest
5 public class UserControllerTest {
6 @Autowired private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
7 @Test
8 public void testGetUsers() {
9 ResponseEntity<String> response = [Link](”/users”,
[Link]);
10 [Link]([Link], [Link]());
11 }
12 }

18
3.23 How to handle exceptions in Spring Boot
Answer: Use @ExceptionHandler or @ControllerAdvice.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @ControllerAdvice
4 public class GlobalExceptionHandler {
5 @ExceptionHandler([Link])
6 public ResponseEntity<String> handleException(Exception e) {
7 return new ResponseEntity<>(”Error: ” + [Link](), HttpStatus.
INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
8 }
9 }

3.24 How to create global exceptions and what annotations are used
Answer: Use @ControllerAdvice and @ExceptionHandler.
1 // See above

3.25 How to exclude classes from component scan

Answer: Use exclude or excludeFilters in @ComponentScan.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @ComponentScan(basePackages = ”[Link]”, excludeFilters = @Filter(type
= FilterType.ASSIGNABLE_TYPE, classes = [Link]))
3 @Configuration
4 public class AppConfig {}

3.26 How does component scan work?

Answer: Scans packages for stereotype-annotated classes, registering them as beans.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Component
3 public class MyComponent {}

3.27 What is the most challenging task you’ve done?

Answer: Optimizing a microservice for high load with caching.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class OptimizedService {
4 @Cacheable(”data”)
5 public String getData() { return ”Data”; }
6 }

3.28 What are the top 3 performance bottlenecks in microservices?

Answer: Network latency, database queries, resource management.

19
1 import [Link].*;
2 public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
3 @Query(”SELECT u FROM User u WHERE [Link] = true”)
4 List<User> findActiveUsers();
5 }

3.29 How do you monitor microservices?

Answer: Use Prometheus, Grafana, or Spring Actuator.
1 # [Link]
2 [Link]=*

3.30 How do you ensure system resiliency under high load?

Answer: Use circuit breakers, retries, load balancing, caching.
1 // See Circuit Breaker (Question 6)

3.31 What is centralized configuration and secrets management?

Answer: Centralized configuration (Spring Cloud Config); secrets (Vault).
1 # [Link]
2 [Link]=configserver:[Link]

3.32 What is service discovery (Eureka/Consul)?

Answer: Dynamically locates services.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @SpringBootApplication
3 @EnableEurekaClient
4 public class Application {}

3.33 Inter-service communication: Feign vs RestTemplate vs WebClient

Answer: RestTemplate (synchronous), WebClient (reactive), Feign (declarative).
1 import feign.*;
2 @FeignClient(name = ”user-service”)
3 interface UserClient {
4 @GetMapping(”/users”)
5 List<String> getUsers();
6 }

3.34 Circuit Breaker and Retry: Resilience4j

Answer: Circuit Breaker prevents failures; Retry attempts failed operations.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Service
4 public class ResilientService {
5 @CircuitBreaker(name = ”myService”)

20
6 @Retry(name = ”myService”)
7 public String call() { return ”Success”; }
8 }

3.35 Blue-green vs canary deployments

Answer: Blue-Green: Two environments, switch traffic. Canary: Gradual rollout.

3.36 Handling version mismatch between services

Answer: Use API versioning or backward compatibility.
1 // See API versioning (Question 17)

3.37 What are Maven commands you use daily?

Answer: mvn clean install, mvn test, mvn package.
1 mvn clean install

3.38 Have you used Docker? Benefits and challenges?

Answer: Benefits: consistency, portability. Challenges: resource overhead.
1 FROM openjdk:11
2 COPY target/[Link] /[Link]
3 ENTRYPOINT [”java”, ”-jar”, ”/[Link]”]

4 Spring & Bean Lifecycle

4.1 Bean lifecycle and Spring container

Answer: Creation, dependency injection, initialization, use, destruction.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Component
3 public class MyBean {
4 @PostConstruct
5 public void init() { [Link](”Initialized”); }
6 }

4.2 Use of @Component, @Service, @Repository

Answer: @Component: generic, @Service: business logic, @Repository: data access.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Repository
3 public class UserRepository {}

21
4.3 Role of @ComponentScan, @Configuration, @Bean
Answer: @ComponentScan scans beans, @Configuration defines config, @Bean creates
beans.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Configuration
3 @ComponentScan(”[Link]”)
4 public class AppConfig {
5 @Bean
6 public MyBean myBean() { return new MyBean(); }
7 }

4.4 What is Spring Boot auto-configuration?

Answer: Automatically configures beans based on dependencies.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @SpringBootApplication
3 public class Application {}

5 JPA & Database

5.1 What is Fetch Type (Lazy vs Eager Loading)?

Answer: Lazy loads data on demand; Eager loads immediately.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Entity
3 public class User {
4 @OneToMany(fetch = [Link])
5 private List<Order> orders;
6 }

5.2 Lazy vs Eager loading — real-time use cases

Answer: Lazy for large datasets; Eager for small, frequent data.

5.3 Complex entity relationship experience

Answer: Managed @OneToMany, @ManyToMany with cascading.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Entity
3 public class Department {
4 @OneToMany(mappedBy = ”department”)
5 private List<Employee> employees;
6 }

5.4 What is the N+1 query problem?

Answer: Multiple queries for related data due to lazy loading.
1 List<User> users = [Link]();
2 for (User u : users) { [Link]().size(); }

22
5.5 How to optimize N+1 using Spring Data JPA
Answer: Use @EntityGraph or JOIN FETCH.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
3 @EntityGraph(attributePaths = {”orders”})
4 List<User> findAll();
5 }

5.6 Difference between get() and load() in Hibernate

Answer: get() loads immediately, returns null if not found; load() uses proxy, throws
exception if not found.
1 import [Link].*;
2 public class HibernateExample {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 Session session = [Link]();
5 User user = [Link]([Link], 1L);
6 User proxy = [Link]([Link], 1L);
7 }
8 }

5.7 Writing optimized JPQL and Criteria queries

1 import [Link].*;
2 public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {
3 @Query(”SELECT u FROM User u WHERE [Link] > ?1”)
4 List<User> findByAgeGreaterThan(int age);
5 }

5.8 Transaction management: @Transactional deep dive

Answer: Controls transaction boundaries, rolls back on exceptions.
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Transactional(rollbackOn = [Link])
3 public void saveUser(User user) {}

6 Testing & Mocking

6.1 Differences between stubbing and mocking

Answer: Stubbing provides canned responses; mocking verifies interactions.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import static [Link].*;
3 public class MockTest {
4 @Test
5 public void testMock() {
6 List<String> mockedList = mock([Link]);
7 when([Link](0)).thenReturn(”Stubbed”);
8 verify(mockedList).get(0);
9 }
10 }

23
6.2 Why do we need both approaches?
Answer: Stubbing for outputs, mocking for behavior verification.

6.3 What is Spy in Mockito and when to use it?

Answer: Wraps real object, allows real calls unless overridden.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import static [Link].*;
3 public class SpyTest {
4 @Test
5 public void testSpy() {
6 List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
7 List<String> spy = spy(list);
8 [Link](”test”);
9 verify(spy).add(”test”);
10 }
11 }

6.4 How to write JUnit test cases for static methods

Answer: Use PowerMock or refactor to instance methods.
1 public class StaticUtil {
2 public static String getName() { return ”Test”; }
3 }
4 import [Link].*;
5 public class StaticTest {
6 @Test
7 public void testStatic() {
8 [Link](”Test”, [Link]());
9 }
10 }

6.5 What is the use of Mockito framework?

Answer: Creates mocks/spies for dependency-free testing.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import static [Link].*;
3 public class MockitoTest {
4 @Test
5 public void testMockito() {
6 Service service = mock([Link]);
7 when([Link]()).thenReturn(”Mocked”);
8 [Link](”Mocked”, [Link]());
9 }
10 }

7 Coding & Problem Solving

7.1 Reverse a string by preserving word position

24
1 public class StringReverse {
2 public static String reverseWords(String s) {
3 String[] words = [Link](” ”);
4 StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
5 for (String word : words) {
6 [Link](new StringBuilder(word).reverse()).append(” ”);
7 }
8 return [Link]().trim();
9 }
10 public static void main(String[] args) {
11 [Link](reverseWords(”Hello World”)); // olleH dlroW
12 }
13 }

7.2 Remove duplicates from string/array/list

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class RemoveDuplicates {
4 public static void main(String[] args) {
5 List<Integer> numbers = [Link](1, 2, 2, 3);
6 List<Integer> unique = [Link]().distinct().collect(Collectors.
toList());
7 [Link](unique); // [1, 2, 3]
8 }
9 }

7.3 Longest substring without repeating characters

1 import [Link].*;
2 public class LongestSubstring {
3 public static int lengthOfLongestSubstring(String s) {
4 Set<Character> set = new HashSet<>();
5 int max = 0, i = 0, j = 0;
6 while (j < [Link]()) {
7 if ()) {
8 [Link]([Link](j++));
9 max = [Link](max, [Link]());
10 } else {
11 [Link]([Link](i++));
12 }
13 }
14 return max;
15 }
16 public static void main(String[] args) {
17 [Link](lengthOfLongestSubstring(”abcabcbb”)); // 3
18 }
19 }

7.4 Check if two strings/numbers are palindrome

1 public class Palindrome {

2 public static boolean isPalindrome(String s) {

25
3 s = [Link]().replaceAll(”[^a-z0-9]”, ””);
4 int i = 0, j = [Link]() - 1;
5 while (i < j) {
6 if ([Link](i++) != [Link](j--)) return false;
7 }
8 return true;
9 }
10 public static void main(String[] args) {
11 [Link](isPalindrome(”A man, a plan, a canal: Panama”)); //
true
12 }
13 }

7.5 Check if two strings/numbers are anagram

1 public class Anagram {

2 public static boolean isAnagram(String s1, String s2) {
3 if ([Link]() != [Link]()) return false;
4 int[] count = new int[26];
5 for (char c : [Link]()) count[c - ’a’]++;
6 for (char c : [Link]()) count[c - ’a’]--;
7 for (int c : count) if (c != 0) return false;
8 return true;
9 }
10 public static void main(String[] args) {
11 [Link](isAnagram(”listen”, ”silent”)); // true
12 }
13 }

7.6 Sort an array/list/string

1 import [Link].*;
2 public class SortExample {
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List<Integer> list = [Link](3, 1, 2);
5 [Link](list);
6 [Link](list); // [1, 2, 3]
7 }
8 }

7.7 Count occurrence of characters in a string

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class CharCount {
4 public static Map<Character, Integer> countChars(String s) {
5 return [Link]()
6 .mapToObj(c -> (char) c)
7 .collect([Link](c -> c, [Link]()))
8 .entrySet().stream()
9 .collect([Link]([Link]::getKey, e -> [Link]().
intValue()));
10 }
11 public static void main(String[] args) {

26
12 [Link](countChars(”hello”)); // {h=1, e=1, l=2, o=1}
13 }
14 }

7.8 Print duplicate characters in a string

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class DuplicateChars {
4 public static void printDuplicates(String s) {
5 Map<Character, Long> map = [Link]()
6 .mapToObj(c -> (char) c)
7 .collect([Link](c -> c, [Link]()));
8 [Link]().stream()
9 .filter(e -> [Link]() > 1)
10 .forEach(e -> [Link]([Link]()));
11 }
12 public static void main(String[] args) {
13 printDuplicates(”hello”); // l
14 }
15 }

7.9 Print only special characters in a string

1 public class SpecialChars {

2 public static void printSpecial(String s) {
3 [Link]()
4 .mapToObj(c -> (char) c)
5 .filter(c -> )
6 .forEach([Link]::println);
7 }
8 public static void main(String[] args) {
9 printSpecial(”Hello!@#”); // !, @, #
10 }
11 }

7.10 Reverse the given string

1 public class ReverseString {

2 public static String reverse(String s) {
3 return new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString();
4 }
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 [Link](reverse(”Hello”)); // olleH
7 }
8 }

7.11 Print difference between two strings

1 public class StringDiff {

2 public static void printDiff(String s1, String s2) {
3 for (int i = 0; i < [Link]([Link](), [Link]()); i++) {
4 if ([Link](i) != [Link](i)) {

27
5 [Link](”Diff at ” + i + ”: ” + [Link](i) + ” vs ” +
[Link](i));
6 }
7 }
8 }
9 public static void main(String[] args) {
10 printDiff(”hello”, ”heelo”); // Diff at 2: l vs e
11 }
12 }

7.12 Count words in a string

1 public class WordCount {

2 public static int countWords(String s) {
3 return [Link]().split(”\\s+”).length;
4 }
5 public static void main(String[] args) {
6 [Link](countWords(”Hello World”)); // 2
7 }
8 }

7.13 Find second highest element in an array

1 public class SecondHighest {

2 public static int findSecondHighest(int[] arr) {
3 int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE, second = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
4 for (int num : arr) {
5 if (num > max) {
6 second = max; max = num;
7 } else if (num > second && num != max) {
8 second = num;
9 }
10 }
11 return second;
12 }
13 public static void main(String[] args) {
14 [Link](findSecondHighest(new int[]{5, 3, 8, 1})); // 5
15 }
16 }

7.14 Find common elements of two arrays

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class CommonElements {
4 public static List<Integer> findCommon(int[] arr1, int[] arr2) {
5 Set<Integer> set = [Link](arr1).boxed().collect([Link]
());
6 return [Link](arr2).filter(set::contains).boxed().collect(
[Link]());
7 }
8 public static void main(String[] args) {
9 [Link](findCommon(new int[]{1, 2, 3}, new int[]{2, 3, 4}));
// [2, 3]

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10 }
11 }

7.15 Decode string like a2b3c1 to aabbbc

1 public class DecodeString {

2 public static String decode(String s) {
3 StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
4 for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i += 2) {
5 char c = [Link](i);
6 int count = [Link]([Link](i + 1));
7 [Link]([Link](c).repeat(count));
8 }
9 return [Link]();
10 }
11 public static void main(String[] args) {
12 [Link](decode(”a2b3c1”)); // aabbbc
13 }
14 }

7.16 Check if a number is prime

1 public class PrimeCheck {

2 public static boolean isPrime(int n) {
3 if (n <= 1) return false;
4 for (int i = 2; i <= [Link](n); i++) {
5 if (n % i == 0) return false;
6 }
7 return true;
8 }
9 public static void main(String[] args) {
10 [Link](isPrime(7)); // true
11 }
12 }

7.17 Generate Fibonacci series

1 public class Fibonacci {

2 public static void printFibonacci(int n) {
3 int a = 0, b = 1;
4 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
5 [Link](a + ” ”);
6 int next = a + b;
7 a = b; b = next;
8 }
9 }
10 public static void main(String[] args) {
11 printFibonacci(5); // 0 1 1 2 3
12 }
13 }

29
7.18 Find factorial of a number

1 public class Factorial {

2 public static long factorial(int n) {
3 if (n == 0) return 1;
4 return n * factorial(n - 1);
5 }
6 public static void main(String[] args) {
7 [Link](factorial(5)); // 120
8 }
9 }

7.19 Find min and max element in an array

1 public class MinMax {

2 public static int[] findMinMax(int[] arr) {
3 int min = arr[0], max = arr[0];
4 for (int num : arr) {
5 min = [Link](min, num);
6 max = [Link](max, num);
7 }
8 return new int[]{min, max};
9 }
10 public static void main(String[] args) {
11 int[] result = findMinMax(new int[]{3, 1, 4, 2});
12 [Link](”Min: ” + result[0] + ”, Max: ” + result[1]); // Min
: 1, Max: 4
13 }
14 }

7.20 Find max repeated word in a sentence

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class MaxRepeatedWord {
4 public static String findMaxRepeated(String s) {
5 Map<String, Long> map = [Link]([Link](”\\s+”))
6 .collect([Link](w -> w, [Link]()));
7 return [Link]().stream()
8 .max([Link]())
9 .map([Link]::getKey)
10 .orElse(””);
11 }
12 public static void main(String[] args) {
13 [Link](findMaxRepeated(”hello world hello”)); // hello
14 }
15 }

7.21 Rotate array from k=2

1 public class RotateArray {

2 public static void rotate(int[] arr, int k) {
3 k = k % [Link];
4 reverse(arr, 0, [Link] - 1);

30
5 reverse(arr, 0, k - 1);
6 reverse(arr, k, [Link] - 1);
7 }
8 private static void reverse(int[] arr, int start, int end) {
9 while (start < end) {
10 int temp = arr[start];
11 arr[start++] = arr[end];
12 arr[end--] = temp;
13 }
14 }
15 public static void main(String[] args) {
16 int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
17 rotate(arr, 2);
18 [Link]([Link](arr)); // [4, 5, 1, 2, 3]
19 }
20 }

7.22 Merge characters from two strings alternately

1 public class MergeStrings {

2 public static String mergeAlternately(String s1, String s2) {
3 StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
4 int i = 0;
5 while (i < [Link]() || i < [Link]()) {
6 if (i < [Link]()) [Link]([Link](i));
7 if (i < [Link]()) [Link]([Link](i));
8 i++;
9 }
10 return [Link]();
11 }
12 public static void main(String[] args) {
13 [Link](mergeAlternately(”abc”, ”pqr”)); // apbqcr
14 }
15 }

7.23 Find max repeated word in a sentence

1 // See Question 20

7.24 Modify and improve given code

Answer: Refactor for readability, efficiency, error handling.
1 public class BadCode {
2 public void print(String s) { [Link](s); }
3 }
4 public class ImprovedCode {
5 public void print(String s) {
6 if (s == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException(”Input cannot be null
”);
7 [Link]([Link]());
8 }
9 }

31
7.25 Find a file in a subdirectory

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 public class FileSearch {
4 public static void findFile(Path dir, String fileName) throws IOException
{
5 [Link](dir)
6 .filter(p -> [Link]().toString().equals(fileName))
7 .forEach([Link]::println);
8 }
9 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
10 findFile([Link](”.”), ”[Link]”);
11 }
12 }

7.26 Write a method to fetch employee details

1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @RestController
4 public class EmployeeController {
5 @GetMapping(”/employees/{id}”)
6 public ResponseEntity<Employee> getEmployee(@PathVariable Long id) {
7 Employee emp = new Employee(id, ”Alice”);
8 return [Link](emp);
9 }
10 }
11 class Employee {
12 Long id; String name;
13 Employee(Long id, String name) { [Link] = id; [Link] = name; }
14 }

8 Angular & Frontend

8.1 What is ng-content and how does content projection work?

Answer: ng-content projects content from parent to child components.
1 <!-- [Link] -->
2 <ng-content></ng-content>
3 <!-- [Link] -->
4 <app-child><h1>Projected Content</h1></app-child>

8.2 Difference between @ViewChild and @ContentChild

Answer: @ViewChild accesses template elements; @ContentChild accesses projected
content.
1 import { Component, ContentChild, ViewChild, ElementRef } from ’@angular/
core’;
2 @Component({
3 selector: ’app-child’,
4 template: ’<ng-content></ng-content>’
5 })

32
6 export class ChildComponent {
7 @ContentChild(’content’) content: ElementRef;
8 }
9 @Component({
10 selector: ’app-parent’,
11 template: ’<app-child><div #content>Content</div></app-child>’
12 })
13 export class ParentComponent {
14 @ViewChild(’view’) view: ElementRef;
15 }

8.3 Explain Dependency Injection in Angular

Answer: Provides dependencies via constructor injection.
1 import { Injectable, Component } from ’@angular/core’;
2 @Injectable()
3 class MyService {}
4 @Component({})
5 export class MyComponent {
6 constructor(private service: MyService) {}
7 }

8.4 How does Angular load dynamic components?

Answer: Uses ComponentFactoryResolver and ViewContainerRef.
1 import { Component, ViewChild, ViewContainerRef, ComponentFactoryResolver }
from ’@angular/core’;
2 @Component({
3 selector: ’app-dynamic’,
4 template: ’<ng-container #container></ng-container>’
5 })
6 export class DynamicComponent {
7 @ViewChild(’container’, { read: ViewContainerRef }) container:
ViewContainerRef;
8 constructor(private resolver: ComponentFactoryResolver) {}
9 ngOnInit() {
10 const factory = [Link](
MyDynamicComponent);
11 [Link](factory);
12 }
13 }

8.5 What is the PipeTransform interface?

Answer: Defines custom pipes for data transformation.
1 import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from ’@angular/core’;
2 @Pipe({ name: ’myPipe’ })
3 export class MyPipe implements PipeTransform {
4 transform(value: string): string {
5 return [Link]();
6 }
7 }

33
8.6 How does Angular bootstrapping work via AppModule?
Answer: AppModule defines root module, bootstrapped via platformBrowserDynamic.
1 import { NgModule } from ’@angular/core’;
2 @NgModule({
3 declarations: [AppComponent],
4 bootstrap: [AppComponent]
5 })
6 export class AppModule {}

8.7 What is an HTTP interceptor?

Answer: Intercepts HTTP requests/responses for headers, error handling.
1 import { Injectable, HttpInterceptor, HttpRequest, HttpHandler } from ’
@angular/common/http’;
2 @Injectable()
3 export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
4 intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler) {
5 const authReq = [Link]({ setHeaders: { Authorization: ’Bearer token’
} });
6 return [Link](authReq);
7 }
8 }

8.8 Common use cases of HTTP interceptors

Answer: Adding tokens, logging, error handling.

8.9 What is GraphQL and how does it compare to REST?

Answer: GraphQL: Query-based, flexible. REST: Fixed endpoints.
1 query {
2 user(id: 1) {
3 name
4 }
5 }

8.10 Use Apollo in Angular to fetch GraphQL data

1 import { Component } from ’@angular/core’;

2 import { Apollo } from ’apollo-angular’;
3 import gql from ’graphql-tag’;
4 @Component({})
5 export class UserComponent {
6 constructor(private apollo: Apollo) {
7 [Link]({ query: gql‘{ user(id: 1) { name } }‘ })
8 .subscribe(result => [Link]([Link]));
9 }
10 }

34
8.11 Differences: BehaviorSubject, Subject, ReplaySubject
Answer: Subject: No initial value. BehaviorSubject: Initial value, emits last. ReplaySub-
ject: Replays multiple values.
1 import { BehaviorSubject } from ’rxjs’;
2 const subject = new BehaviorSubject(’initial’);
3 [Link](v => [Link](v)); // initial
4 [Link](’new’); // new

8.12 Explain: switchMap, mergeMap, concatMap, exhaustMap

Answer: switchMap cancels previous, mergeMap runs concurrently, concatMap sequen-
tial, exhaustMap ignores new until complete.
1 import { of } from ’rxjs’;
2 import { switchMap } from ’rxjs/operators’;
3 of(1, 2, 3).pipe(
4 switchMap(id => of(‘User ${id}‘))
5 ).subscribe([Link]); // User 3

8.13 Design a semantic HTML navigation menu

1 <nav>
2 <ul>
3 <li><a href=”/”>Home</a></li>
4 <li><a href=”/about”>About</a></li>
5 </ul>
6 </nav>

8.14 List 5 semantic HTML tags and their uses

Answer: header (page header), nav (navigation), main (main content), article (indepen-
dent content), footer (page footer).

8.15 Fetch API data and display in a table

1 import { Component } from ’@angular/core’;

2 import { HttpClient } from ’@angular/common/http’;
3 @Component({
4 template: ‘
5 <table>
6 <tr *ngFor=”let user of users”>
7 <td>{{ [Link] }}</td>
8 </tr>
9 </table>
10 ‘
11 })
12 export class UserTableComponent {
13 users: any[] = [];
14 constructor(private http: HttpClient) {
15 [Link](’[Link] => this.
users = data);
16 }
17 }

35
8.16 Search by name using Reactive Form

1 import { Component } from ’@angular/core’;

2 import { FormGroup, FormControl } from ’@angular/forms’;
3 @Component({
4 template: ‘
5 <form [formGroup]=”form”>
6 <input formControlName=”name”>
7 </form>
8 <div *ngFor=”let user of filteredUsers”>{{ [Link] }}</div>
9 ‘
10 })
11 export class SearchComponent {
12 form = new FormGroup({ name: new FormControl(’’) });
13 users = [{ name: ’Alice’ }, { name: ’Bob’ }];
14 filteredUsers = [Link];
15 ngOnInit() {
16 [Link](’name’).[Link](value => {
17 [Link] = [Link](u => [Link](value));
18 });
19 }
20 }

8.17 Error handling on API failure

1 import { Component } from ’@angular/core’;

2 import { HttpClient } from ’@angular/common/http’;
3 import { of } from ’rxjs’;
4 import { catchError } from ’rxjs/operators’;
5 @Component({})
6 export class ErrorComponent {
7 constructor(private http: HttpClient) {
8 [Link](’[Link]
9 .pipe(catchError(err => of([])))
10 .subscribe(data => [Link](data));
11 }
12 }

8.18 Flatten a nested array

1 const nested = [1, [2, 3], [4, [5]]];

2 const flat = [Link](Infinity);
3 [Link](flat); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

9 Miscellaneous

9.1 What do you know about ISO8583?

Answer: Standard for financial transaction messaging.

9.2 How do Angular applications interact with backend APIs?

Answer: Via HttpClient for REST or Apollo for GraphQL.
1 // See Question 15, Section 8

36
9.3 How do you clone code from Git and commit changes?
Answer: Clone: git clone. Commit: git add, git commit, git push.
1 git clone [Link]
2 git add .
3 git commit -m ”Add feature”
4 git push

9.4 How to resolve merge conflicts?

Answer: Edit conflicting files, mark resolved, commit.
1 git pull
2 # Resolve conflicts
3 git add .
4 git commit

9.5 Daily Git commands you use

Answer: git pull, git add, git commit, git push, git status.

10 Additional Frequently Asked Questions

10.1 What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions?

Answer: Checked: Compile-time, must handle (e.g., IOException). Unchecked: Runtime,
optional (e.g., NullPointerException).
1 public class ExceptionExample {
2 public static void main(String[] args) {
3 try {
4 new FileReader(”[Link]”);
5 } catch (IOException e) {
6 [Link](”Checked: ” + e);
7 }
8 }
9 }

10.2 What is the purpose of @Autowired annotation in Spring?

Answer: Injects dependencies automatically.
1 import [Link].*;
2 import [Link].*;
3 @Component
4 class MyComponent {
5 @Autowired
6 private MyService service;
7 }

10.3 What is the Circuit Breaker pattern in microservices?

Answer: Prevents cascading failures by stopping requests to failing services.

37
1 import [Link].*;
2 @Service
3 public class CircuitBreakerService {
4 @CircuitBreaker(name = ”myService”)
5 public String call() { return ”Success”; }
6 }

38