Three-phase induction motors are the most
common and frequently encountered machines in
industry
- simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
- wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to
10 MW
- run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full
load
- Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
• not easy to have variable speed control
• requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
An induction motor has two main parts
- a stationary stator
• consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core
• core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator
winding
Stator of IM
- a revolving rotor
• composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor
slots, providing space for the rotor winding
• one of two types of rotor windings
• conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) »
similar to the winding on the stator
• aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings,
forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
- squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and shorted at both
ends by shorting rings.
- wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings exactly as the
stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends of the three rotor wires are
connected to 3 slip rings on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor
circuit is accessible.
Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings
Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings
Brushes
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings
Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current
flows in the rotor windings
The rotor current produces another magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
At what speed will the IM run?
- Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
- If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
- When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
- Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
- Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
- The difference is that, in the case of the induction
motor, the secondary windings can move
- Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding
of the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the
same frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is
given by
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected
induction motor has a full-load slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The induction motor is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate
As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine
these two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit as
follows
Where ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR is the
rotor resistance
Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit
Now as we managed to solve the induced voltage
and different frequency problems, we can combine
the stator and rotor circuits in one equivalent
circuit
Where
Copper losses
- Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
- Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
Core loss (Pcore)
Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
How this power flow in the motor?
PAG Pin ( PSCL Pcore )
We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as follows
Resistance
Actual rotor
equivalent to
resistance
mechanical load
PAG Pin ( PSCL Pcore )
Pconv (1 s ) PAG
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper
losses are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are
700 W. The friction and windage losses are 600
W, the core losses are 1800 W, and the stray losses
are negligible. Find the following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.
1.
2.
3. Pout Pconv PF &W
600
37.9 37.3 kW
1000
