LICA Assignment Answers
Q.2 (a) Differentiate op-amp as an Integrator and op-amp as a
Differentiator.
Integrator Op-amp:
It performs the mathematical integration operation on the
input signal, producing an output proportional to the integral
of the input.
The circuit uses a capacitor in the feedback path and a resistor
at the input. When a step input is applied, output ramps
linearly, representing the integral.
Integrators are commonly used in analog computers,
waveform generators, and signal processing for generating
ramp or triangular waves.
Differentiator Op-amp:
This circuit differentiates the input signal, giving an output
proportional to the rate of change (derivative) of the input.
Differentiator uses a capacitor at the input and a resistor in
the feedback path. A ramp input will produce a constant
output, since the derivative of a ramp is constant.
Applications include edge detection in signals, high-frequency
detection, and waveform shaping.
Q.2 (b) Differentiate op-amp circuit as an HPF and op-amp circuit
as an LPF.
High Pass Filter HPF) using Op-amp:
HPF allows frequencies above a certain cutoff frequency to
pass and attenuates lower frequencies.
In such circuits, a capacitor is connected in series with the
input and a resistor in the feedback path.
Used in audio systems, communication systems, and removing
low-frequency noise from signals.
Low Pass Filter LPF) using Op-amp:
LPF permits frequencies below the cutoff frequency and
attenuates higher frequencies.
The circuit has a resistor at the input and a capacitor in the
feedback path.
Used in signal smoothing, anti-aliasing before ADCs, and
removing high-frequency noise.
Q.3 (a) Explain the block diagram and analysis of an op-amp and
its equivalent circuit to find collector currents and collector to
emitter voltages .
The standard op-amp block diagram consists of the differential
amplifier, level shifter, and output stage.
The equivalent circuit often models the op-amp input stage
using BJT or FET differential pairs, analyzing the input currents
and internal voltage gains.
Analysis involves applying KVL/KCL to the equivalent BJT
circuit to find the collector currents using transistor
equations, and then the corresponding collector-emitter
voltage for biasing and operation analysis.
(a) Complete analysis requires drawing the specific block and
equivalent circuits typically found in textbooks and detailing
each current and voltage calculation stage.
Q.3 (b) Explain the seven characteristics of an op-amp.
Open loop gain: The gain without feedback is extremely high
(often above ), allowing amplification of very small signals.
Input impedance: Very high to minimize input current,
typically in megaohms, ensuring minimal signal loss from the
source.
Output impedance: Very low, ensuring effective transfer of
output signal to the load without significant voltage drop.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR High CMRR (> 80 dB)
enables the op-amp to reject common signals on both inputs,
crucial for differential signal processing.
Power supply rejection ratio PSRR Measures the ability to
reject changes in supply voltage, preventing those
fluctuations from affecting operation.
Bandwidth: The frequency range over which the op-amp can
amplify signals efficiently; higher bandwidth is preferable.
Slew rate: Indicates how quickly the output can respond to
rapid changes in input, important for high-frequency and
pulse applications.
Q.4 (a) Explain the difference between digital and linear ICs.
Digital ICs: Operate using discrete signals 0 and 1 , perform
logic, memory, or switching functions, examples being gates,
flip-flops, and microprocessors.
Linear ICs: Process analog signals, perform amplification,
filtering, and comparison, examples include op-amps, voltage
regulators, comparators.
Q.4 (b) Differentiate between Monolithic and Hybrid ICs.
Monolithic ICs: All circuit elements are fabricated on a single
semiconductor wafer. They offer compactness, reliability, and
are low-cost; commonly used for most commercial
applications.
Hybrid ICs: Combine several chips and discrete components
mounted on a substrate, providing more flexibility and higher
performance, used where monolithic integration is not
feasible.
Q.4 (c) What are the different types of IC packaging? Explain
with a suitable example.
Dual In-Line Package DIP Most common, rectangular with two
parallel rows of pins. Example: 741 Op-amp.
Surface Mount Device SMD Compact, soldered directly onto
the PCB surface, ideal for high-density circuits. Example: SMD
logic gates.
Chip Carrier Packages: Square or rectangular, pins all around.
Example: EEPROMs in PLCC.
Ball Grid Array BGA Underneath ball-like electrodes, used for
CPUs and FPGAs requiring many connections.
Q.5 (a) Explain the working principle of an op-amp with the
concept of virtual ground and list the characteristics of an ideal
op-amp.
Working Principle: The op-amp amplifies the voltage
difference between its inverting and non-inverting inputs.
Under negative feedback, the voltage difference becomes
virtually zero, creating a 'virtual ground' at the inverting
terminal.
Ideal Op-amp Characteristics:
Infinite open loop gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance
Infinite bandwidth
Zero offset voltage
Infinite CMRR
Infinite slew rate
Q.5 (b) In the circuit Fig.1, for switch SW in position A and
for SW in position B. Assume that the op-amp is ideal.
Find the ratio of the output at position A and .
When switch is in position A, corresponding resistors set a
certain gain for the inverting opamp as per the configuration.
When in position B, the gain changes depending on which
input resistor is engaged.
The ratio equals the ratio of the corresponding
feedback and input resistors used in A and B, using the
formula for inverting amplifier:
You would substitute actual resistor values based on the
provided circuit configuration.)
Q.6 (a) Explain the working principle of sample and hold circuit
with its applications.
A sample and hold circuit captures and stores the voltage
value of an input signal at a precise moment, holding its value
constant until the next sampling.
It consists of a switch FET, capacitor, and buffer amplifier.
When the switch closes ('sample' phase), the capacitor
follows the input voltage. When the switch opens ('hold'
phase), the capacitor retains the voltage.
Used in ADCs, oscilloscope input stages, and digital voltmeters
to stabilize rapidly changing signals for measurement or
processing.
Q.6 (b) Explain the simple R2R ladder digital to analog converter
with applications.
The R2R ladder is a resistor network that converts binary input
(digital) signals into corresponding analog voltage or current.
Each bit of the input is applied to a node in the ladder, and the
weighted combination forms the analog output, which is
precise and requires only two resistor values R and 2R.
Widely used in DAC sections of microcontrollers, sound cards,
function generators, and measurement systems.
Q.7 (a) Differentiate 555 timer as monostable multivibrator and
astable multivibrator.
Monostable Multivibrator:
The 555 timer generates a single, precise pulse when
triggered, returning to its stable state after a fixed interval.
Used for time delay, pulse generation, and debouncing
applications.
Astable Multivibrator:
555 timer operates without a stable state, continually
switching between two quasi-stable states to produce a
continuous square wave output.
Used in clock generation, LED flashers, and tone generators.
Q.7 (b) Explain the weighted register type digital to analog
converter with applications.
In this DAC, each digital input bit is assigned a resistor
weighted by its binary significance (e.g., R, 2R, 4R, etc.),
summing currents to generate an analog voltage.
Simple design, but accuracy decreases as the number of bits
increases, due to resistor precision limitations.
Used where low- to medium-resolution DACs are acceptable,
such as microprocessor interfacing and instrumentation.
Q.8 (a) The block diagram of the voltage-controlled oscillator IC
566 with applications.
IC 566 consists of a comparator, voltage reference, ramp
generator, and buffer amplifier.
The output frequency is controlled by an applied control
voltage and external resistor/capacitor components.
Used in frequency modulation circuits, function generators,
and electronic musical instruments.
Q.8 (b) Explain the working of IC 565 Phase locked loop). Why is
it best suited for FM modulation and demodulation.
A PLL synchronizes an internal voltage-controlled oscillator
VCO) with the frequency of an input signal using a feedback
loop and phase detector.
IC 565 tracks input frequency accurately, providing error
correction for demodulation and stable frequency generation.
It is excellent for FM modulation/demodulation because it can
track changing frequencies, filter out noise, and recover the
carrier signal with high fidelity.
If you need stepwise numerical solutions or diagrams for any
particular sub-question, let me know!
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