LESSON 4- TRANSFORMER
electrical device use to increases or decreases voltage
alternating current voltage.
A transformer works based on the concept
electromagnetic induction.
Operating Principle of a Transformer / Prinsip cara kerja
transformer Relationship between Output Power and Input Power of
-When an a.c. voltage is supplied to the primary coil a an Ideal Transformer (100% efficient).
changing magnetic field is produce in the soft -iron core For an ideal transformer, the output power is equal to the
and the coil. input power since there is no energy loss, or the efficiency
-This changing magnetic field is cut by secondary coil. becomes 100%. Therefore
Medan magnet berubah-ubeh ini dipotong oleh gegelung Output power = Input power
sekunder. VsIs = VpIp
-E.m.f / current is induce across the secondary coil Example 3
The input voltage and the output voltage of an ideal
The structure and the symbol of a Transformer transformer are 240 V and 12V respectively. What is the
current in the secondary coil if the current in the primary coil
is 5A.
Example 4
A step-down transformer connected to 240 V mains power
supply delivers 90 W of power at 30 V at a notebook
computer. The number of turns of the primary coil is 800.
[Assume the transformer is ideal]. Calculate
(a) The number of turns of the secondary coil.
(b) The current in the secondary circuit
* Transformer does not work with d.c. because d.c.
produce a constant magnetic feld
Relationship between the number of coils , N and the
voltage ,V in a transformer. (c) The current in the primary coil
Voltage number of coil / Voltan bilangan gegelung
Vp = Np or Vs = VP
Vs Ns NS NP
Types of Transformer
Type Number of turns Voltage Current
Step-up Ns > Np Vs > Vp Ip > Is
Step-down Np > Ns Vp > Vs Is > Ip Efficiency of a Transformer / Kecekapan Transformer
Efficiency = Output power x 100 %
Example 1 Input power
The number of turns in the primary coil and the secondary = VsIs x 100 %
coil of a transformer are 50 and 250 respectively. What is the VpIp
output voltage when the transformer used the electricity
supply voltage 12V? Example 5
The figure shows a 12V, 48W bulb lights up with normal
brightness when it is connected to a 240V mains supply
through a transformer.
Example 2
The figure shows a 12V, 36W bulb lights up with normal
brightness when it is connected to a 240V mains supply
through a transformer. The number of turns of the primary
coil is 500. What is the number of turns of the secondary
coil?
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Calculate (a) What type of transformer is shown in Diagram 3?
(a) The number of turns of the primary coil.
………………………………………………….……[ 1 mark ]
(b) State one reason why the a.c. voltage is used.
(b) The current in the secondary coil.
………………………………………………………[ 1 mark ]
(c) The bulb lights up with normal brightness. Determine the
(c) The efficiency of the transformer. ratio of the number of turns in the coil AB to the number
of turns in the coil CD.
Factors that reduce efficiency (energy losses) of a
transformer and ways to increase the efficiency [ 2 marks ]
Cause energy losses Ways to reduce energy loss (d) The voltage supply 240 V. alternating current is replaced
1. Resistance of coil. Thick copper wire is used to by a voltage supply 240 V direct current.
reduce the resistance of the (i) What happens to brightness of the bulb?
coil
2. Eddy current in iron core Use a laminated iron core ….………………………………………………………..…
The changing magnetic field
cause eddy current to flow in (ii) Give the reason for your answer.
the iron core.
The eddy current produce …..………………………………………………………....
heating in core and causes
loss of power . 2. Diagram 4.1 shows a simple transformer used to light up a
3. The hysterisis loss Using soft iron for the core bulb labelled 24 V, 36 W. When the mains supply is
The loss of energy to because soft iron core can be switched on, the bulb is very dim.
magnetized and magnitized and demagnitized
demagnetized the core easily .
by the alternating current in
the primary coil.
4. Leakage of Magnetic Flux Winding the secondary and
Not all the magnetic flux primary coils on top each (a) State two ways in which the brightness of the bulb can be
produced by the primary other. increased without changing the voltage of the mains
coil is cut by secondary coil. supply.
...........................................................................................
……………………………………………………....................
(b) Explain why the core is made from soft iron.
…………………………………………………….....[1 mark ]
(c) For the bulb operating at the normal brightness, calculate:
1 The diagram 3 shows a U-shaped laminated soft iron core (i) the current in the secondary coil.
is wound with insulated copper wire AB and CD. An a.c.
voltage of 240 V is connected at the end of AB and a
bulb 12V 60W is connected at the end CD
(ii) the current in the primary coil. Assume that the
transformer is ideal.
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(i) Name the component in box X.
……………………...…………………..………...[1 mark]
3. Diagram 7 shows a simple transformer. (ii) Explain why a.c. and not d.c. is supplied in
Diagram 4.1
……...………...………………………...……...[1
mark]
(iii) State the physics concept which explains how the
component in box X works.
………………………………………………..…[1 mark]
(a) (i) Name the type of the transformer . (b)The efficiency of the component in box X is 80%.
………………………………………….…………..[1 mark] Calculate the input current when the output power is
(ii)State why soft iron is used as the transformer core. 65 W.
…………………………………………….………[1 mark]
(b) The number of turns on the primary coil in Diagram 7 is 1
000. Calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil. [2 marks]
5. Diagram 2.1 shows a transformer which is connected to
12V, 24W a.c electric motor.
[2 marks]
(c) The transformer in Diagram 7 is used to switch on an
electrical appliance. The current in the primary coil is 0.1
A and the efficiency is 75 %.
(i)Calculate the output power of the transformer.
(a) State the type of transformer used
……………………………………….……………….[1 mark]
[2 marks]
(ii) An electrical appliance which needs 20 W of power is (b) Calculate the number of turns of the secondary coil.
connected to the transformer output. Suggest a
modification to the transformer that enables the
appliance to function correctly.
[1 mark]
………………………………………………...[1 mark] (c) Calculate the current flowing through the secondary coil
(d) A student connects a television which uses direct current
to the output of the transformer in Diagram 7.When the
television is switched on , it does not function.
(i ) Why the television does not function ? [2 marks]
……………………………...………..……[1 mark] 6. Fig. 8.1 shows a simple transformer
4. Diagram 4.1 shows a computer battery charger connected to a 240
V a.c. power supply. The battery charger contains box -X
and box Y.
Fig. 8.1
(a)State the physics concept involved in the working principle
of a transformer.
……….…………………..………………………..………[1]
(b)(i)Complete the following sentence by underlining the
(a)The function of the component in box X is to lower the voltage correct phrase. The primary coil is connected to (a.c. /
from 240 V a.c. to 20 V a.c. d.c) power supply.
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(ii)Give your reason for b(i)
……………………………………………………….…..[1]
(c)If the primary voltage is 240V and the current flowing in
the primary coil is 0.1A and the secondary voltage is 12V
and secondary current is 1A, calculate the efficiency of
the transformer. Fig. 10.1
(i) Name the type of transformer shown in Fig. 10.1
………………………………………………………………..[1]
[2]
(d)Table below four model of transformer that can be used to (ii)Give your reason for a(i).
change voltage 240V to 12V.
Mode Type of Material of Type of Material of ………….........................................................................[1]
l transformer the core core coil
P Step up Soft iron Laminated Copper (iii) Calculate the voltage at which the toy train operates.
Q Step down Steel Not Nichrome
laminated
R Step up Steel Not Nichrome
laminated
S Step down Soft iron Laminated Copper
Based on Table 8, state the suitable characteristics of the [2]
transformer that can produce higher efficiency based on the (b) An attempt is made to use the train set in a country
following aspects: where the mains supply is 110 V. Suggest one difference
(i)Type of transformer that might be noticed in the way the toy train operates.
Explain your answer.
...………………………………………………………..………
............................................................................................
Reason.
……………………………………………………………….[2]
..............................................................................[2 marks]
8. Diagram 10.1 shows the position of the magnets before
(ii)Material of the core being released into identical coil. Diagram 10.2 shows
the deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer when
...……………………………………………………..………… the magnets enter the coils. The deflection of the
pointer due to the flow of the induce current in the coil.
Reason.
..............................................................................[2 marks]
(iii)Type of core
...……………………………………………………..…………
Reason.
..............................................................................[2 marks]
(iv)Material of coil
...……………………………………………………..…………
Reason. Diagram 10.1 / Rajah 10.1
..............................................................................[2 marks]
7 (a)One coil of a transformer is connected to a toy train set.
The other coil is connected to a 240 V a.c. mains
supply, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
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Diagram 10.3 / Rajah 10.3
Explain how the dynamo works to produce current to
light up the headlamp of the bicycle. [4 marks]
(d) Diagram 10.4 shows a model of step-down transformer
which is not efficient
(a) (b)
Diagram 10.2 / Rajah 10.2
(a) What is the meaning of induce current? [1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2, compare the
height of the magnet released and the size of the Diagram 10.4
deflection of the galvanometer. [2 marks] You are required to modify the step-down transformer in
Diagram 10.4 to a step-up transformer. Explain the
(c) State the relationship between modification that need to be done to change it into a more
(i)the height of the magnet released and the velocity of efficient transformer. In your explanation, emphasize the
the magnet when it enters the coil aspects of:
(ii) the height of the magnet released and the size of the (i) number of turns of primary coil and secondary coil
deflection of the galvanometer (ii) type of wire of coil used
(iii)velocity of the magnet and the magnitude of induce (iii)material and structure of the core used
current when it enters the coil. [3 marks] (iv)way of winding primary and secondary coils
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a bicycle dynamo. [10 marks]
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