Chapter (2)
Fluid Statics
Part (2)
2.2 Forces on Immersed Bodies:
Forces on submerged planes & curved surfaces
and their applications.
Dr. Bruska S. Mamand
1
Forces on Immersed Bodies
◗ Hydrostatic Force: It is the resultant force of pressure exerted by liquid at rest on any
side of submerged body.
F = pdA = p dA= pA
◗ It is the summation of product of uniform pressures and elementary areas of submerged
body
◗ It is equal to the product of submerged area and pressure at the centroid of the
submerged area
◗ A plate exposed to a liquid, such as a gate valve in a dam, the wall of a
liquid storage tank, is subjected to fluid pressure distributed over its
surface.
◗ The submerged surfaces may be:
• Horizontal Plane Surface
• Vertical Plane Surface
• Inclined Plane Surface, and
• Curved Surface.
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1. Plane Surface Horizontally Submerged in a liquid:
◗ The hydrostatic force on the
plane surface is:
F = h A
Cg
◗ the location of the force is the
center of pressure (Cp).
◗ Center of pressure = center of
gravity.
2. Plane Surface Vertically Submerged in a liquid:
Free surface
➢ F = hc A hc
hp
➢ the distance between Cg and Cp is
Center of gravity (Cg)
(e):
Center of pressure (Cp)
F
Ic
e=
hc A
where e is the moment of inertia.
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3. Inclined Plane Surface Submerged in a liquid:
Lets’ choose an elementary area so
that pressure over it is uniform.
Such an element is horizontal strip
of width (x), so the dA = xdy .The
pressure force, dF on the horizontal
strip is:
dF = p (dA) = h (dA)
◗ A=total submerged area ◗ yc=inclined depth to center of area
◗ F=hydrostatic force ◗ yp=inclined depth to center of
◗ θ=angle of submerged plane with pressure
free surface ◗ dA=elemtry area
◗ hc=depth of center of area ◗ dF=force of pressure (hydrostatic
◗ hp=depth of center of pressure force) on elementry area
3. Inclined Plane Surface Submerged in a liquid:
dF = p(dA) = h(dA) p = h and h = y sin
◗ Integrating
dF = pdA = hdA = y sin dA = sin ydA
F = sin (y A) c y =
ydA
c
A
◗ Where, yc is the distance along the sloping plane to the centroid C of the area A. If
hc is the vertical depth to the centriod, then we have
F = hc A
◗ The value of F is independent of the angle of inclination of the plane so long as the
depth of its centroid is unchanged.
◗ Since hc is pressure at the centroid, we can also say that total pressure force on any plane
area submerged is aliquid is the product of the area and the pressure at the centroid
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Center of Pressure
◗ In order to determine location of center of pressure, yp, let’s take
the moment of elementary area.
dM = ydF = y(pdA) = y(hdA) = y(ysindA)
◗ Integrating
ydF = y(ysin dA) = sin y (dA)
2
Fy p = sin (I )
◗ Where, I is the 2nd moment of submerged area about O X
sin (I ) sin (I ) I Q F = sin (yc A)
yp = = =
F yc sin A yc A
◗ Where ycA is called static moment of area
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Center of Pressure
◗ Now, according to parallel axis theorem,
I Ic + Ay 2c Q I = I c + Ay
yp = = 2
c
yc A yc A
◗ Where, Ic is 2nd moment of area about centroidalaxis.
y p = yc + I c
yc A
◗ From this equation we again see that the location of center of pressure, P,
is independent of the angle θ.
◗ When the plane is truly vertical, i.e.,θ=90o
Ic
hp = hc +
hc A
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Lateral Position of Center of Pressure
◗ To find the lateral position of center of pressure P,consider the area is
made up of series of elemental strips. The center of pressure for each
strip is at the mid point of the strip. Since the moment of the resultant
force F must be equal to the moment of distributed force system about
any axis, say, the y-axis
X p F = x p pdA
◗ Where, Xp is the lateral distance from the selected y-axis to the
center of pressure P of the resultant force F,and xp is the lateral
distance to the center of any elemental horizontal strip of area dA on
which the pressure p is acting
X p F = x p pdA
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Geometric
properties of
submerged
surfaces in
liquid.
Ic is the
moment of
inertia.
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4. Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surface
Projected area Ax
Horizontal Forces (Fx)
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Fx = dFx = PdAx = ghdAx
F
= tan −1
y
Fx
Problem
◗ Q 3.7.6:A plane surface is circular with a diameter of 2m. If it is vertical and
the top edge is 0.5m below the water surface, find the magnitude of the force
on one side and the depth of center of pressure.
◗ Solution:
Free surface
D
hc = 0.5 + =1.5m 0.5m
2
F = hc A
D =2m
F = 9.810 (1.5) 2 2
4
F = 46.2kN Ic
h p = hc +
hc A
hp = hc + I c
hc A I
y p = yc + c
h p = 1.5 + ( D 4 / 64) / (1.5 D 2 / 4) yc A
F = hc A
hp = 1.667m F = sin (yc A)
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Problem
◗ Q 3.7.8: A rectangular plate 5ft by 4ft is at an angle of 30o with the
horizontal, and the 5 ft side is horizontal. Find the magnitude of force on one
side of the plate and the depth of its center of pressure when the top edge is
(a) at the water surface (b) 1 ft below water surface
◗ (a)
30
o
h = y sin hc
hp yc
4ft
yp
4ft 5ft
h = y sin = 2sin 30o =1 ft F = hc A = 62.4(1)(54) = 1248lb
c c
= 2 + (bd 3 /12)/(2 bd ) = 2.67 ft hp = 1.33 ft
Ic
y p = yc +
ycA
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Problem
◗ (b)
1ft
h = y sin hc
hp yc=4ft
yc = hc / sin 4ft
= 4 ft yp
6ft 5ft
hc = 1+ 2sin = 1+ 2sin 30o = 2 ft F = hcA = 62.4(2)(5 4)= 2500lb
= 4 + (bd3 /12)/(4 bd ) = 4.33 ft
Ic
y p = 4+
ycA
h p = y p sin = 4.33sin 30o = 2.167 ft
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Problem
◗ Q 3.8.8.Cross section of tank is shown in figure., where r=2m and tank is
open and contain water to a depth h=3.5m. Determine the magnitude and
location of horizontal and vertical force components acting on unit width of
tank wallABC.
xp
Fx = hc A hp
Fx = 9.81(3.5 / 2)3.5 = 60.1kN / m
hp =
2
(3.5)= 2.33m
3
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Fz = W = VOL = (AL) 2m
A = 3.5(2) − (4 2 ) / 4
4 xp
hp
A = 3.5(2) − = 3.86
Fz = (A) = 9.81(3.86) d=4m
= 37.9kN /m
Lets take moment about AB
3.86(x p )= 3.5 2(1) − (0.849)
x p =1.123m
21 4r
xc = = 0.849m
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