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Class12 Physics Notes

The document contains notes on Class 12 Physics covering Electric Charge and Field, Electric Potential and Capacitance, and Current Electricity. Key concepts include Coulomb's Law, electric fields due to dipoles, Gauss's Law, electric potential from point charges, capacitance, and Ohm's Law. Each section provides formulas, derivations, and explanations relevant to the topics.

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Rishabh Saxena
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91 views3 pages

Class12 Physics Notes

The document contains notes on Class 12 Physics covering Electric Charge and Field, Electric Potential and Capacitance, and Current Electricity. Key concepts include Coulomb's Law, electric fields due to dipoles, Gauss's Law, electric potential from point charges, capacitance, and Ohm's Law. Each section provides formulas, derivations, and explanations relevant to the topics.

Uploaded by

Rishabh Saxena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Physics Notes

Electric Charge and Field (Chapter 1)

1. Coulomb's Law
F = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (q₁q₂ / r²)

Derived from Gauss's Law:


Φ = ∮ E⃗ ⋅ ds⃗ = E ⋅ 4πr² = q / ε₀

E = q / (4πε₀r²) ⇒ F = q₀E = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (qq₀ / r²)

2. Electric Field Due to a Dipole (Axial Point)


E_axial = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (2p / r³) (for r ≫ l)

Steps:
E₁ = kq / (r - l)², E₂ = kq / (r + l)²

E_net = E₁ - E₂ ≈ (2kp / r³)

3. Electric Field Due to a Dipole (Equatorial Point)


E_eq = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (p / r³)

Steps:
E₁ = E₂ = kq / (r² + l²)

E_net = 2E₁ cosθ = (kp / (r² + l²)^{3/2}) ≈ kp / r³

4. Torque on a Dipole in Uniform Electric Field


τ = pE sinθ or τ⃗ = p⃗ × E⃗

Derivation:
τ = Force × Perpendicular distance = qE × 2l sinθ = pE sinθ

5. Gauss's Law
Φ = ∮ E⃗ ⋅ ds⃗ = q_enclosed / ε₀

Proof (for a spherical Gaussian surface around charge q):


Φ = E ⋅ 4πr² = q / ε₀ ⇒ E = q / (4πε₀r²)
Electric Potential and Capacitance (Chapter 2)

1. Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge


V = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (q / r)

Derivation:
W = −∫[∞ to r] F⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = −kqq₀ ∫[∞ to r] (1/x²) dx = kqq₀ / r

V = W / q₀ = kq / r

2. Potential Due to a Dipole (Axial Point)


V = (1 / (4πε₀)) * (p / r²)

Steps:
V = V₁ + V₂ = kq / (r − l) − kq / (r + l) = (2kql) / (r² − l²) ≈ kp / r²

3. Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor


C = ε₀A / d

Derivation:
Q = σA, V = E ⋅ d = σd / ε₀ ⇒ C = Q / V = ε₀A / d

4. Energy Stored in a Capacitor


U = (1/2)CV² = Q² / (2C) = (1/2)QV

Derivation: Work done to charge the capacitor:


dW = V dq = (q/C) dq ⇒ W = ∫[0 to Q] (q/C) dq = Q² / (2C)

Current Electricity (Chapter 3)

1. Drift Velocity
v_d = eEτ / m

Derivation:
F = −eE, a = −eE / m, v_d = u + aτ ≈ eEτ / m (since u_avg = 0)

2. Ohm's Law (Microscopic Form)


J = σE where σ = ne²τ / m

Derivation:
I = neAv_d = neA(eEτ / m) ⇒ J = I / A = (ne²τ / m)E
3. Internal Resistance of a Cell
r = R((ε / V) − 1)

Derivation:
V = ε − Ir ⇒ r = (ε − V) / I = R((ε / V) − 1)

4. Equivalent EMF in Series Combination


ε_eq = ε₁ + ε₂, r_eq = r₁ + r₂

Derivation:
V_total = (ε₁ − Ir₁) + (ε₂ − Ir₂) = (ε₁ + ε₂) − I(r₁ + r₂)

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