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International Accounting Standards
IAS 1 — Presentation of Financial Statements
IAS 2 — Inventories
IAS 7 — Statement of Cash Flows
IAS 8 — Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
IAS 10 — Events After the Reporting Period
IAS 11 — Construction Contracts
IAS 12 — Income Taxes
IAS 14 — Segment Reporting (Superseded)
IAS 15 — Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices (Withdrawn)
IAS 16 — Property, Plant and Equipment
IAS 17 — Leases
IAS 18 — Revenue
IAS 19 — Employee Benefits (2011)
IAS 19 — Employee Benefits (1998) (superseded)
IAS 20 — Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
IAS 21 — The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
IAS 22 — Business Combinations (Superseded)
IAS 23 — Borrowing Costs
IAS 24 — Related Party Disclosures
IAS 26 — Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans
IAS 27 — Separate Financial Statements (2011)
IAS 27 — Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (2008)
IAS 28 — Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures (2011)
IAS 28 — Investments in Associates (2003)
IAS 29 — Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
IAS 30 — Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions
IAS 31 — Interests In Joint Ventures
IAS 32 — Financial Instruments: Presentation
IAS 33 — Earnings Per Share
IAS 34 — Interim Financial Reporting
IAS 35 — Discontinuing Operations (Superseded)
IAS 36 — Impairment of Assets
IAS 37 — Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
IAS 38 — Intangible Assets
IAS 39 — Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
IAS 40 — Investment Property
IAS 41 — Agriculture
IAS 1 — Presentation of Financial Statements
Overview
IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements sets out the overall requirements for financial statements,
including how they should be structured, the minimum requirements for their content and overriding
concepts such as going concern, the accrual basis of accounting and the current/non-current distinction.
The standard requires a complete set of financial statements to comprise a statement of financial
position, a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, a statement of changes in
equity and a statement of cash flows.
IAS 1 was reissued in September 2007 and applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January
2009. IAS 1 will be superseded by IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements, which
becomes effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027.
Summary of IAS 1
Objective of IAS 1
The objective of IAS 1 (2007) is to prescribe the basis for presentation of general purpose financial
statements, to ensure comparability both with the entity's financial statements of previous periods and
with the financial statements of other entities. IAS 1 sets out the overall requirements for the
presentation of financial statements, guidelines for their structure and minimum requirements for their
content. [IAS 1.1] Standards for recognising, measuring, and disclosing specific transactions are
addressed in other Standards and Interpretations. [IAS 1.3]
Scope
IAS 1 applies to all general purpose financial statements that are prepared and presented in accordance
with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). [IAS 1.2]
General purpose financial statements are those intended to serve users who are not in a position to
require financial reports tailored to their particular information needs. [IAS 1.7]
Objective of financial statements
The objective of general purpose financial statements is to provide information about the financial
position, financial performance, and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in
making economic decisions. To meet that objective, financial statements provide information about an
entity's: [IAS 1.9] assets,liabilities, equit
income and expenses, including gains and losses contributions by and distributions to owners (in their
capacity as owners)
cash flows.
That information, along with other information in the notes, assists users of financial statements in
predicting the entity's future cash flows and, in particular, their timing and certainty.
Components of financial statements
A complete set of financial statements includes: [IAS 1.10]
a statement of financial position (balance sheet) at the end of the period
a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the period (presented as a single
statement, or by presenting the profit or loss section in a separate statement of profit or loss, immedi-
ately followed by a statement presenting comprehensive income beginning with profit or loss)
a statement of changes in equity for the period
a statement of cash flows for the period
notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes
comparative information prescribed by the standard.
An entity may use titles for the statements other than those stated above. All financial statements are
required to be presented with equal prominence. [IAS 1.10]
When an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of
items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements, it must also
present a statement of financial position (balance sheet) as at the beginning of the earliest comparative
period.
Reports that are presented outside of the financial statements – including financial reviews by
management, environmental reports, and value added statements – are outside the scope of IFRSs. [IAS
1.14]
Fair presentation and compliance with IFRSs
The financial statements must "present fairly" the financial position, financial performance and cash
flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of transactions,
other events, and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets,
liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Framework. The application of IFRSs, with additional dis-
closure when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation.
[IAS 1.15]
IAS 1 requires an entity whose financial statements comply with IFRSs to make an explicit and unre-
served statement of such compliance in the notes. Financial statements cannot be described as
complying with IFRSs unless they comply with all the requirements of IFRSs (which includes International
Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards, IFRIC Interpretations and SIC Inter-
pretations). [IAS 1.16]
Inappropriate accounting policies are not rectified either by disclosure of the accounting policies used or
by notes or explanatory material. [IAS 1.18]
IAS 1 acknowledges that, in extremely rare circumstances, management may conclude that compliance
with an IFRS requirement would be so misleading that it would conflict with the objective of financial
statements set out in the Framework. In such a case, the entity is required to depart from the IFRS re-
quirement, with detailed disclosure of the nature, reasons, and impact of the departure. [IAS 1.19-21]
Going concern
The Conceptual Framework notes that financial statements are normally prepared assuming the entity is
a going concern and will continue in operation for the foreseeable future. [Conceptual Framework,
paragraph 4.1]
IAS 1 requires management to make an assessment of an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.
If management has significant concerns about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, the
uncertainties must be disclosed. If management concludes that the entity is not a going concern, the
financial statements should not be prepared on a going concern basis, in which case IAS 1 requires a
series of disclosures. [IAS 1.25]
Accrual basis of accounting
IAS 1 requires that an entity prepare its financial statements, except for cash flow information, using the
accrual basis of accounting. [IAS 1.27]
Consistency of presentation
The presentation and classification of items in the financial statements shall be retained from one period
to the next unless a change is justified either by a change in circumstances or a requirement of a new
IFRS. [IAS 1.45]
Materiality and aggregation
Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence
decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those
financial statements, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. [IAS 1.7]*
Each material class of similar items must be presented separately in the financial statements. Dissimilar
items may be aggregated only if they are individually immaterial. [IAS 1.29]
However, information should not be obscured by aggregating or by providing immaterial information,
materiality considerations apply to the all parts of the financial statements, and even when a standard
requires a specific disclosure, materiality considerations do apply. [IAS 1.30A-31]
* Clarified by Definition of Material (Amendments to IAS 1 and IAS 8), effective 1 January 2020.
Offsetting
Assets and liabilities, and income and expenses, may not be offset unless required or permitted by an
IFRS. [IAS 1.32]
Comparative information
IAS 1 requires that comparative information to be disclosed in respect of the previous period for all
amounts reported in the financial statements, both on the face of the financial statements and in the
notes, unless another Standard requires otherwise. Comparative information is provided for narrative
and descriptive where it is relevant to understanding the financial statements of the current period. [IAS
1.38]
An entity is required to present at least two of each of the following primary financial statements: [IAS
1.38A]
statement of financial position*
statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
separate statements of profit or loss (where presented)
statement of cash flows
statement of changes in equity
related notes for each of the above items.
* A third statement of financial position is required to be presented if the entity retrospectively applies
an accounting policy, restates items, or reclassifies items, and those adjustments had a material effect
on the information in the statement of financial position at the beginning of the comparative period.
[IAS 1.40A]
Where comparative amounts are changed or reclassified, various disclosures are required. [IAS 1.41]
Structure and content of financial statements in general
IAS 1 requires an entity to clearly identify: [IAS 1.49-51]
the financial statements, which must be distinguished from other information in a published document
each financial statement and the notes to the financial statements.
In addition, the following information must be displayed prominently, and repeated as necessary: [IAS
1.51]
the name of the reporting entity and any change in the name
whether the financial statements are a group of entities or an individual entity
information about the reporting period
the presentation currency (as defined by IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates)
the level of rounding used (e.g. thousands, millions).
Reporting period
There is a presumption that financial statements will be prepared at least annually. If the annual
reporting period changes and financial statements are prepared for a different period, the entity must
disclose the reason for the change and state that amounts are not entirely comparable. [IAS 1.36]
Statement of financial position (balance sheet)
Current and non-current classification
An entity must normally present a classified statement of financial position, separating current and non-
current assets and liabilities, unless presentation based on liquidity provides information that is reliable.
[IAS 1.60] In either case, if an asset (liability) category combines amounts that will be received (settled)
after 12 months with assets (liabilities) that will be received (settled) within 12 months, note disclosure
is required that separates the longer-term amounts from the 12-month amounts. [IAS 1.61]
Current assets are assets that are: [IAS 1.66]
expected to be realised in the entity's normal operating cycle
held primarily for the purpose of trading
expected to be realised within 12 months after the reporting period
cash and cash equivalents (unless restricted).
All other assets are non-current. [IAS 1.66]
Current liabilities are those: [IAS 1.69]
expected to be settled within the entity's normal operating cycle
held for purpose of trading
due to be settled within 12 months
for which the entity does not have the right at the end of the reporting period to defer settlement
beyond 12 months.
Other liabilities are non-current.
When a long-term debt is expected to be refinanced under an existing loan facility, and the entity has
the discretion to do so, the debt is classified as non-current, even if the liability would otherwise be due
within 12 months. [IAS 1.73]
If a liability has become payable on demand because an entity has breached an undertaking under a
long-term loan agreement on or before the reporting date, the liability is current, even if the lender has
agreed, after the reporting date and before the authorisation of the financial statements for issue, not
to demand payment as a consequence of the breach. [IAS 1.74] However, the liability is classified as
non-current if the lender agreed by the reporting date to provide a period of grace ending at least 12
months after the end of the reporting period, within which the entity can rectify the breach and during
which the lender cannot demand immediate repayment. [IAS 1.75]
Settlement by the issue of equity instruments does not impact classification. [IAS 1.76B]
Line items
The line items to be included on the face of the statement of financial position are: [IAS 1.54]
(a) property, plant and equipment
(b) investment property
(c) intangible assets
(d) financial assets (excluding amounts shown under (e), (h), and (i))
(e) investments accounted for using the equity method
(f) biological assets
(g) inventories
(h) trade and other receivables
(i) cash and cash equivalents
(j) assets held for sale
(k) trade and other payables
(l) provisions
(m) financial liabilities (excluding amounts shown under (k) and (l))
(n) current tax liabilities and current tax assets, as defined in IAS 12
(o) deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, as defined in IAS 12
(p) liabilities included in disposal groups
(q) non-controlling interests, presented within equity
(r) issued capital and reserves attributable to owners of the parent.
Additional line items, headings and subtotals may be needed to fairly present the entity's financial
position. [IAS 1.55]
When an entity presents subtotals, those subtotals shall be comprised of line items made up of amounts
recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS; be presented and labelled in a clear and understand-
able manner; be consistent from period to period; and not be displayed with more prominence than the
required subtotals and totals. [IAS 1.55A]*
* Added by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.
Further sub-classifications of line items presented are made in the statement or in the notes, for
example: [IAS 1.77-78]:
classes of property, plant and equipment
disaggregation of receivables
disaggregation of inventories in accordance with IAS 2 Inventories
disaggregation of provisions into employee benefits and other items
classes of equity and reserves.
Format of statement
IAS 1 does not prescribe the format of the statement of financial position. Assets can be presented
current then non-current, or vice versa, and liabilities and equity can be presented current then non-cur-
rent then equity, or vice versa. A net asset presentation (assets minus liabilities) is allowed. The long-
term financing approach used in UK and elsewhere – fixed assets + current assets - short term payables
= long-term debt plus equity – is also acceptable.
Share capital and reserves
Regarding issued share capital and reserves, the following disclosures are required: [IAS 1.79]
numbers of shares authorised, issued and fully paid, and issued but not fully paid
par value (or that shares do not have a par value)
a reconciliation of the number of shares outstanding at the beginning and the end of the period
description of rights, preferences, and restrictions
treasury shares, including shares held by subsidiaries and associates
shares reserved for issuance under options and contracts
a description of the nature and purpose of each reserve within equity.
Additional disclosures are required in respect of entities without share capital and where an entity has
reclassified puttable financial instruments. [IAS 1.80-80A]
Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
Concepts of profit or loss and comprehensive income
Profit or loss is defined as "the total of income less expenses, excluding the components of other com-
prehensive income". Other comprehensive income is defined as comprising "items of income and
expense (including reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised in profit or loss as required or
permitted by other IFRSs". Total comprehensive income is defined as "the change in equity during a
period resulting from transactions and other events, other than those changes resulting from transac-
tions with owners in their capacity as owners". [IAS 1.7]
Comprehensive income
for the period = Profit
or loss + Other
comprehensive income
All items of income and expense recognised in a period must be included in profit or loss unless a
Standard or an Interpretation requires otherwise. [IAS 1.88] Some IFRSs require or permit that some
components to be excluded from profit or loss and instead to be included in other comprehensive
income.
Examples of items recognised outside of profit or loss
Changes in revaluation surplus where the revaluation method is used under IAS 16 Property, Plant and
Equipment and IAS 38 Intangible Assets
Remeasurements of a net defined benefit liability or asset recognised in accordance with IAS 19
Employee Benefits (2011)
Exchange differences from translating functional currencies into presentation currency in accordance
with IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
Gains and losses on remeasuring available-for-sale financial assets in accordance with IAS 39 Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement
The effective portion of gains and losses on hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge under IAS 39 or
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments
Gains and losses on remeasuring an investment in equity instruments where the entity has elected to
present them in other comprehensive income in accordance with IFRS 9
The effects of changes in the credit risk of a financial liability designated as at fair value through profit
and loss under IFRS 9.
In addition, IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors requires the correc-
tion of errors and the effect of changes in accounting policies to be recognised outside profit or loss for
the current period. [IAS 1.89]
Choice in presentation and basic requirements
An entity has a choice of presenting:
a single statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, with profit or loss and other com-
prehensive income presented in two sections, or
two statements:
a separate statement of profit or loss
a statement of comprehensive income, immediately following the statement of profit or loss and
beginning with profit or loss [IAS 1.10A]
The statement(s) must present: [IAS 1.81A]
profit or loss
total other comprehensive income
comprehensive income for the period
an allocation of profit or loss and comprehensive income for the period between non-controlling
interests and owners of the parent.
Profit or loss section or statement
The following minimum line items must be presented in the profit or loss section (or separate statement
of profit or loss, if presented): [IAS 1.82-82A]
revenue
gains and losses from the derecognition of financial assets measured at amortised cost
finance costs
share of the profit or loss of associates and joint ventures accounted for using the equity method
certain gains or losses associated with the reclassification of financial assets
tax expense
a single amount for the total of discontinued items
Expenses recognised in profit or loss should be analysed either by nature (raw materials, staffing costs,
depreciation, etc.) or by function (cost of sales, selling, administrative, etc). [IAS 1.99] If an entity cate-
gorises by function, then additional information on the nature of expenses – at a minimum depreciation,
amortisation and employee benefits expense – must be disclosed. [IAS 1.104]
Other comprehensive income section
The other comprehensive income section is required to present line items which are classified by their
nature, and grouped between those items that will or will not be reclassified to profit and loss in subse-
quent periods. [IAS 1.82A]
An entity's share of OCI of equity-accounted associates and joint ventures is presented in aggregate as
single line items based on whether or not it will subsequently be reclassified to profit or loss. [IAS
1.82A]*
* Clarified by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.
When an entity presents subtotals, those subtotals shall be comprised of line items made up of amounts
recognised and measured in accordance with IFRS; be presented and labelled in a clear and understand-
able manner; be consistent from period to period; not be displayed with more prominence than the
required subtotals and totals; and reconciled with the subtotals or totals required in IFRS. [IAS 1.85A-
85B]*
* Added by Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016.
Other requirements
Additional line items may be needed to fairly present the entity's results of operations. [IAS 1.85]
Items cannot be presented as 'extraordinary items' in the financial statements or in the notes. [IAS 1.87]
Certain items must be disclosed separately either in the statement of comprehensive income or in the
notes, if material, including: [IAS 1.98]
write-downs of inventories to net realisable value or of property, plant and equipment to recoverable
amount, as well as reversals of such write-downs
restructurings of the activities of an entity and reversals of any provisions for the costs of restructuring
disposals of items of property, plant and equipment
disposals of investments
discontinuing operations
litigation settlements
other reversals of provisions
Statement of cash flows
Rather than setting out separate requirements for presentation of the statement of cash flows, IAS
1.111 refers to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows.
Statement of changes in equity
IAS 1 requires an entity to present a separate statement of changes in equity. The statement must show:
[IAS 1.106]
total comprehensive income for the period, showing separately amounts attributable to owners of the
parent and to non-controlling interests
the effects of any retrospective application of accounting policies or restatements made in accordance
with IAS 8, separately for each component of other comprehensive income
reconciliations between the carrying amounts at the beginning and the end of the period for each
component of equity, separately disclosing:
profit or loss
other comprehensive income*
transactions with owners, showing separately contributions by and distributions to owners and changes
in ownership interests in subsidiaries that do not result in a loss of control
* An analysis of other comprehensive income by item is required to be presented either in the
statement or in the notes. [IAS 1.106A]
The following amounts may also be presented on the face of the statement of changes in equity, or they
may be presented in the notes: [IAS 1.107]
amount of dividends recognised as distributions
the related amount per share.
Notes to the financial statements
The notes must: [IAS 1.112]
present information about the basis of preparation of the financial statements and the specific
accounting policies used
disclose any information required by IFRSs that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements
and
provide additional information that is not presented elsewhere in the financial statements but is
relevant to an understanding of any of them
Notes are presented in a systematic manner and cross-referenced from the face of the financial state-
ments to the relevant note. [IAS 1.113]
IAS 1.114 suggests that the notes should normally be presented in the following order:*
a statement of compliance with IFRSs
a summary of significant accounting policies applied, including: [IAS 1.117]
the measurement basis (or bases) used in preparing the financial statements
the other accounting policies used that are relevant to an understanding of the financial statements
supporting information for items presented on the face of the statement of financial position (balance
sheet), statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, statement of changes in equity
and statement of cash flows, in the order in which each statement and each line item is presented
other disclosures, including:
contingent liabilities (see IAS 37) and unrecognised contractual commitments
non-financial disclosures, such as the entity's financial risk management objectives and policies (see IFRS
7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures)
* Disclosure Initiative (Amendments to IAS 1), effective 1 January 2016, clarifies this order just to be an
example of how notes can be ordered and adds additional examples of possible ways of ordering the
notes to clarify that understandability and comparability should be considered when determining the
order of the notes.
Other disclosures
Judgements and key assumptions
An entity must disclose, in the summary of significant accounting policies or other notes, the judge-
ments, apart from those involving estimations, that management has made in the process of applying
the entity's accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the
financial statements. [IAS 1.122]
Examples cited in IAS 1.123 include management's judgements in determining:
when substantially all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of financial assets and lease assets
are transferred to other entities
whether, in substance, particular sales of goods are financing arrangements and therefore do not give
rise to revenue.
An entity must also disclose, in the notes, information about the key assumptions concerning the future,
and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a signifi-
cant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the
next financial year. [IAS 1.125] These disclosures do not involve disclosing budgets or forecasts. [IAS
1.130]
Dividends
In addition to the distributions information in the statement of changes in equity (see above), the
following must be disclosed in the notes: [IAS 1.137]
the amount of dividends proposed or declared before the financial statements were authorised for issue
but which were not recognised as a distribution to owners during the period, and the related amount
per share
the amount of any cumulative preference dividends not recognised.
Capital disclosures
An entity discloses information about its objectives, policies and processes for managing capital. [IAS
1.134] To comply with this, the disclosures include: [IAS 1.135]
qualitative information about the entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing capital,
including>
description of capital it manages
nature of external capital requirements, if any
how it is meeting its objectives
quantitative data about what the entity regards as capital
changes from one period to another
whether the entity has complied with any external capital requirements and
if it has not complied, the consequences of such non-compliance.
Puttable financial instruments
IAS 1.136A requires the following additional disclosures if an entity has a puttable instrument that is
classified as an equity instrument:
summary quantitative data about the amount classified as equity
the entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing its obligation to repurchase or redeem the
instruments when required to do so by the instrument holders, including any changes from the previous
period
the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase of that class of financial instruments and
information about how the expected cash outflow on redemption or repurchase was determined.
Other information
The following other note disclosures are required by IAS 1 if not disclosed elsewhere in information
published with the financial statements: [IAS 1.138]
domicile and legal form of the entity
country of incorporation
address of registered office or principal place of business
description of the entity's operations and principal activities
if it is part of a group, the name of its parent and the ultimate parent of the group
if it is a limited life entity, information regarding the length of the life
Terminology
The 2007 comprehensive revision to IAS 1 introduced some new terminology. Consequential amend-
ments were made at that time to all of the other existing IFRSs, and the new terminology has been used
in subsequent IFRSs including amendments. IAS 1.8 states: "Although this Standard uses the terms
'other comprehensive income', 'profit or loss' and 'total comprehensive income', an entity may use
other terms to describe the totals as long as the meaning is clear. For example, an entity may use the
term 'net income' to describe profit or loss." Also, IAS 1.57(b) states: "The descriptions used and the
ordering of items or aggregation of similar items may be amended according to the nature of the entity
and its transactions, to provide information that is relevant to an understanding of the entity's financial
position."
Term before 2007 revision of IAS 1 Term as amended by IAS 1 (2007)
balance sheet statement of financial position
cash flow statement statement of cash flows
income statement statement of comprehensive income (income statement is retained in case of a
two-statement approach)
recognised in the income statement recognised in profit or loss
recognised [directly] in equity (only for OCI components) recognised in other comprehensive
income
recognised [directly] in equity (for recognition both in OCI and equity) recognised outside profit or loss
(either in OCI or equity)
removed from equity and recognised in profit or loss ('recycling') reclassified from equity to
profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment
Standard or/and Interpretation IFRSs
on the face of in
equity holders owners (exception for 'ordinary equity holders')
balance sheet date end of the reporting period
reporting date end of the reporting period
after the balance sheet date after the reporting period
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