Gases

I. Physical
Properties
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions.
• are in constant, random, straight-
line motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related
to Kelvin temperature.
B. Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other

Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
• in nonpolar atoms/molecules
C. Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
C. Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.
• random motion
D. Temperature
Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C = 59 (F − 32) K = ºC + 273

E. Pressure

force
pressure =
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

E. Pressure
Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure

Aneroid Barometer

Mercury Barometer
E. Pressure
KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg
N
760 torr kPa = 2
m
14.7 psi
F. STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Gas Laws

II. The Gas

V T Laws
BOYLES
P
CHARLES
GAY-
LUSSAC
A. Boyle’s Law
Volume Pressure P·V
(mL) (torr) (mL·torr)
10.0 760.0 7.60 x 103
20.0 379.6 7.59 x 103
30.0 253.2 7.60 x 103
40.0 191.0 7.64 x 103

P
PV = k
V
A. Boyle’s Law

If the temperature is constant, as

the pressure of a gas increases,
the volume decreases
For a given mass of gas at
constant temperature, the volume
of a gas varies inversely with
pressure
A. Boyle’s Law
• As volume goes up, pressure goes down
• As volume goes down, pressure goes up
P1V1 = P2V2
Real Life Example
• As you push on the end of a syringe, the
volume inside the syringe decreases as the
pressure on the syringe increases
Sample Problems

▪ A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.

kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
Sample Problems
A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.

BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 150. kPa (150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = ?
V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
Sample Problems

▪ If 4.41 dm3 of nitrogen gas are

collected at a pressure of 94.2
kPa, what will the volume be for
this gas at standard pressure if
the temperature does not
change?
Sample Problems

▪ An air compressor contains 11.5 L of

gas at a pressure of 1.0 atm. If the
pressure inside the compressor has
to be compressor has to be increased
of 4.3 atm without changing its
temperature, what should be the final
volume setting?
B. Charles’ Law
Volume Temperature V/T
(mL) (K) (mL/K)
40.0 273.2 0.146
44.0 298.2 0.148
47.7 323.2 0.148
51.3 348.2 0.147

V
V
=k
T
T
B. Charles’ Law

As the temperature of an enclosed

gas increases, the volume
increases, if the pressure is
constant
The volume of a fixed mass of gas
is directly proportional to its Kelvin
temperature if the pressure is kept
constant
B. Charles’ Law

• As volume goes up/down,

temperature goes up/down
V1 = V2

T1 T2

Temperature must be in Kelvin!

B. Charles’ Law

Real Life Examples

• Balloon Lab-As the temperature
of the water is increased, the
volume of the balloon is
increased.
B. Charles’ Law

• Coke Can- Fill a coke can with a

small amount of water, as you heat
the water inside to near boiling,
immediately invert the coke can into
ice-cold water so the coke can is
experiencing a dramatic drop in
temperature, volume of can will
decrease (can will crush in on itself)
Sample Problem
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.
Sample Problem
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.

CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V WORK:
V1 = 473 cm3 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 36°C = 309K (473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K V2 = 562 cm3
Sample Problems

▪ With a constant pressure, the volume

of a gas is increased from 15.0L to
32.0L. If the new temperature is
20.0°C, what was the original
temperature?
Sample Problems

▪ Consider a 25.0 L gas sample in a

container initially at 25 degrees
Celsius and 1 atm pressure. If this
gas is heated to a temperature of 80
degrees Celsius, what will happen to
its volume under constant pressure?
Sample Problems

▪ Consider a 25.0 L gas sample in a

container initially at 25 degrees
Celsius and 1 atm pressure. If this
gas is heated to a temperature of 80
degrees Celsius, what will happen to
its volume under constant pressure?
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law

As the temperature of an enclosed gas

increases, the pressure increases, if the
volume is constant
The pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature if
the volume remains constant
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law

P1 = P2

T1 T2

Temperature must be in Kelvin!

C. Gay-Lussac’s Law
Temperature Pressure P/T
(K) (torr) (torr/K)
248 691.6 2.79
273 760.0 2.78
298 828.4 2.78
373 1,041.2 2.79

P
P
=k
T
T
C. Gay-Lussac’s Law

The pressure and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly related
• at constant mass &
volume

P
P
=k
T
T
Real Life Example

• Tires
➢ The faster a car goes, the
higher the temperature of the
tire gets and the higher the
pressure inside the tires.
Sample Problem
A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C.
At what temperature will the
pressure be 560. torr?
Sample Problem
A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C.
At what temperature will the
pressure be 560. torr?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
GIVEN: P T WORK:
P1 = 765 torr P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
T1 = 23°C = 296K (765 torr)T2 = (560. torr)(296K)
P2 = 560. torr
T2 = 217 K = -56.3°C
T2 = ?
Sample Problem

• The pressure in a tire is 1.8 atm

at 20°C. After a 200 mile trip, the
pressure reading for the tire is 1.9
atm. What is the temperature
inside the tire at that new
pressure?
Sample Problem

• A 50 L tank of helium gas placed

outside of a laboratory has a pressure
of 5.0 atm at 25 degrees Celsius.
How much will the pressure increase
during noon time when the
temperature outside reaches 42
degrees Celsius?
D. Combined Gas Law

Combines Boyle’s, Charles’, and Gay-

Lussac’s laws

Describes the relationship among

temperature, pressure, and volume of
an enclosed gas

Allows you to perform calculation for

situations IF and ONLY IF the amount
of gas is constant
D. Combined Gas Law

PV
=k
T
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
=
T1 T2
P 1 V 1T 2 = P 2V 2 T 1
E. Gas Law Problems

A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8

kPa & 25°C. Find its volume at
STP.
E. Gas Law Problems
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa &
25°C. Find its volume at STP.
COMBINED GAS LAW
GIVEN: P T V WORK:
V1 = 7.84 cm3 P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 71.8 kPa
(71.8 kPa)(7.84 cm3)(273 K)
T1 = 25°C = 298 K
=(101.325 kPa) V2 (298 K)
V2 = ?
P2 = 101.325 kPa V2 = 5.09 cm3
T2 = 273 K
Sample Problem

• A gas sample is held in a 1.0 L piston

at 305 K has a pressure of 0.75 atm.
The piston was heated to a
temperature of 387 K at the same
time the volume was expanded to 1.5
L. Will the pressure decrease or
increase?
Avogadro’s Principle
Volume Mass V/n
Gas Moles, n
(mL) (g) (L/mol)
O2 100.0 0.122 3.81  10-3 26.2
N2 100.0 0.110 3.93  10-3 25.5
CO2 100.0 0.176 4.00  10-3 25.0

V
V =k
n
n
A. Avogadro’s Principle

Equal volumes of gases contain

equal numbers of moles
• at constant temp & pressure
• true for any gas

V
V =k
n
n
B. Ideal Gas Law

V
PV
k
=R
n
nT
T
UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm3kPa/molK
B. Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT
UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
R=8.315 dm3kPa/molK
B. Ideal Gas Law
Calculate the pressure in atmospheres
of 0.412 mol of He at 16°C & occupying
3.25 L. IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
P = ? atm PV = nRT
n = 0.412 mol P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289)
T = 16°C = 289 K L mol Latm/molK K

V = 3.25 L P = 3.01 atm

R = 0.0821Latm/molK
B. Ideal Gas Law
Find the volume of 85 g of O2 at 25°C
and 104.5 kPa.
IDEAL GAS LAW
GIVEN: WORK:
V=? 85 g 1 mol = 2.7 mol
n = 85 g = 2.7 mol 32.00 g
T = 25°C = 298 K PV = nRT
P = 104.5 kPa (104.5)V=(2.7) (8.315) (298)
kPa mol dm3kPa/molK K
R = 8.315 dm3kPa/molK
V = 64 dm3