PYTHON PROJECT
CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE, CAPACITANCE, AND FREQUENCY
OF ELECTRICAL BRIDGES USING PYTHON
TEAM MEMBERS:
DHANWIN VISAKA J N (21023)
CHANDRU P M (21304)
JAGADEESAN NAVEEN J (21306)
S.no Contents Page
No
1 Problem Description 1
2 Algorithm 2
3 Formula Used for the problem 2
4 Python Program 3
5 Input / Output 6
6 Inference 10
7 Result 11
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Bridge circuits are fundamental in the precise measurement of electrical components
such as resistance, inductance, and capacitance. These circuits, including Kelvin, Maxwell,
Hay, Schering, and Wien bridges, play a critical role in both laboratory and industrial
environments for accurate component characterization and fault diagnosis. Each bridge type
is tailored for specific measurement scenarios, allowing engineers to determine unknown
parameters with high accuracy.
The objective of this study is to design and implement a unified calculator capable of analyzing
various electrical bridge configurations. This includes the calculation of unknown resistance in
Kelvin and Kelvin Double bridges, inductance and quality factor in Maxwell and Hay bridges,
capacitance in Schering bridges, and resonant frequency in Wien bridges. The system aims
to assist users in selecting the appropriate bridge for a given measurement task, perform real-
time calculations based on user input, and compare the behavior of different bridges under
varying conditions. This study will enhance the understanding of bridge operations and support
accurate measurements in practical electrical engineering applications.
1
ALGORITHM:
1. Get the input parameters such as resistance (R1, R2, R3, R4), standard resistance,
capacitance (C or C1), and frequency (f) depending on the selected bridge type.
2. Prompt the user to enter the supply voltage (for reference purposes or future
enhancements involving bridge sensitivity).
3. Display the bridge options and prompt the user to select one of the following bridge
types:
- Kelvin Double Bridge
- Maxwell Bridge
- Hay Bridge
- Wien Bridge
- Schering Bridge
- Kelvin Bridge
4. Based on the selected bridge type, apply the appropriate formulas:
5. Display the calculated results such as unknown resistance (Rx), inductance
(Lx),capacitance (Cx), quality factor (Q), dissipation factor (D), or frequency (f).
6. Repeat or exit the program based on user preference.
Formula Used for the problem:
i) Kelvin Double Bridge:
Rx = (R_std × R3) / R1
ii) Kelvin Bridge:
Rx = (R2 × R3) / R4
iii) Maxwell Bridge:
Lx = R2 × R1 × C
Q = R2 / R1
D=1/Q
iv) Hay Bridge:
Lx = R2 × R1 × C
Q = (R2 × C × f) / (1 + R2 × C × f)
D=1/Q
v) Wien Bridge:
f = 1 / (2π √(R1 × C1))
vi) Schering Bridge:
Cx = (C1 × R2) / R1
2
PYTHON PROGRAM:
3
4
5
INPUT & OUTPUT :
=== Electrical Bridge Calculator ===
Enter the supply voltage (in Volts): 12
Supply voltage provided: 12.0 V
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 1
Enter R1 (Ohms): 2
Enter R3 (Ohms): 4
Enter standard resistance R_std (Ohms): 0.5
Calculated Rx: 1.00 Ohms
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 2
Enter R1 (Ohms): 2
Enter R2 (Ohms): 3
6
Enter capacitance C (Farads): 10
Calculated Lx: 60.00 H
Quality Factor Q: 1.5000
Dissipation Factor D: 0.6667
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 3
Enter R1 (Ohms): 150
Enter R2 (Ohms): 300
Enter capacitance C (Farads): 5
Enter frequency f (Hz): 1000
Calculated Lx: 225000.00 H
Quality Factor Q: 1.0000
Dissipation Factor D: 1.0000
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 4
Enter R1 (Ohms): 1000
7
Enter C1 (Farads): 0.01
Calculated frequency: 0.05 Hz
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 5
Enter R1 (Ohms): 2000
Enter R2 (Ohms): 1000
Enter C1 (Farads): 2
Calculated Cx: 1.000000 Farads
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 6
Enter R1 (Ohms): 2
Enter R2 (Ohms): 3
Enter R3 (Ohms): 6
Enter R4 (Ohms): 4
Calculated Rx: 4.50 Ohms
8
Select bridge type:
1: Kelvin Double Bridge
2: Maxwell Bridge
3: Hay Bridge
4: Wien Bridge
5: Schering Bridge
6: Kelvin Bridge
0: Exit
Enter your choice (0-6): 0
Exiting... Thank you for using the Electrical Bridge Calculator.
9
INFERENCE:
Kelvin Double & Kelvin Bridge:
These are primarily used to measure very low resistances with high accuracy by eliminating
the effect of lead and contact resistances. They are ideal for precise resistance measurement
in laboratory and industrial applications.
Maxwell & Hay Bridge:
These bridges are used for measuring unknown inductance (Lx) and related characteristics
like Quality Factor (Q) and Dissipation Factor (D). Maxwell is suitable for low-Q coils, while
Hay is better for high-Q coils.
Wien Bridge:
This bridge is used for frequency measurement and oscillator design. It is sensitive and
precise, relying on balanced conditions involving resistance and capacitance.
Schering Bridge:
It is used to measure unknown capacitance (Cx) and is commonly applied in the testing of
insulating materials and dielectric loss measurements at high voltages.
10
RESULT :
The electrical bridge calculator successfully determines unknown resistance,
inductance, capacitance, and frequency using various bridge circuits. Each bridge type serves
a specific purpose: resistance bridges like Kelvin are ideal for low-resistance measurement,
Maxwell and Hay bridges effectively evaluate inductive components, Schering bridges are
used for capacitive testing, and Wien bridges calculate frequency. The results obtained
through these bridges provide accurate measurements essential for laboratory analysis,
industrial diagnostics, and educational demonstrations. This study reinforces the importance
of bridge circuits in precise electrical parameter estimation.
11
