Experiment No:5
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
AIM : a) To design and test performance of a monostable multivibrator to generate clock
pulse for a given frequency. And obtain the waveforms.
Components Required:
1. Resistors
2. Capacitors.
3. Transistors 2N2369 – 2 (Use alternate transistor 2N2222A/BC547G)
(Use Multisim for simulation)
Apparatus Required:
1. CRO
2. Power supply 0-30V
3. Bread board
4. Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY :
‘A monostable multivibrator has only one stable state, the other state being quasistable.
Normally the multivibrator is in the stable state, and when an external triggering pulse is
applied, it switches from the stable to the quasi-stable state. It remains in the quasi-stable state
for a short duration, but automatically reverts i.e. switches back to its original stable state,
without any triggering pulse’.
Principle of operation
A collector-coupled Monostable multivibrator of the two transistors Q1 and Q2, Q1 is
normally OFF and Q2 is Normally ON. Resistor R1 and R2 are connected to the normally
OFF transistor, and the capacitor C is connected to the normally ON transistor.
It is seen from the circuit of the monostable multivibrator that, under normal conditions,
the supply voltage VCC provides enough base drive to the transistor Q2 through resistor R, with
the result that Q2 goes into saturation. With Q2 ON, Q1 goes OFF, as already studied in the
context of binary operation.
With Q2 ON and Q1 OFF, the capacitor finds a charging path. The voltage across the
capacitor is VCC with polarity. It is obvious that in the stable state of the multivibrator, Q2 is ON
and Q1 is OFF.
If the negative triggering pulse is applied to the collector of Q1, it is transmitted to the
base of Q2 through the capacitor, and hence makes the base of Q2 negative. Immediately Q2 goes
OFF and Q1 becomes ON. However, this is only a quasi-stable state as is obvious form the
following observation.
With Q1 ON and Q2 OFF, the capacitor C finds a discharging path. As the capacitor
discharges, it is seen that the potential at the base of the transistor Q2 becomes less and less
negative, and after a time, we have VB = V, the cut-in-voltage of Q2.
As soon as VB crosses the level of V, Q2 starts conducting and gets saturated.
When Q2 becomes ON, Q1 becomes OFF. Thus the original stable state of the multivibrator
is restored.
[ In quasi-stable state: Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF]
The interval during which the quasi-stable state of the multivibrator persists i.e., Q2
remains OFF is dependent upon the rate at which the capacitor C discharges. This duration
of the quasi-stable state is termed as delay time or pulse width or gate time. It is denoted as
T. The wave forms of the voltage at base of the transistor Q2 and C (Collector of Q1)
DESIGN:
VCE = 5.56v, VCC = 6v, VCE(sat) = 0.3v, VBE(sat), = 0.7v, IC = 6mA,VF = -0.3v
Rc = (VCC–VCE(sat))/IC.
Find the values of R1 and R2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. With the help of a triggering circuit and using the condition T (trig) >
T(Quasi) a pulse waveform is generated.
3. The output of the triggering circuit is connected to the base of the
off transistor.
4. The Off transistor goes into ON state.
5. Observe the waveforms at VBE1, VBE2, VCE1, VCE2
6. Keep the DC- AC control of the Oscilloscope in DC mode.
RESULT:
TON = 10MS
TOFF = 8MS
Total T (TON + TOFF) = 18ms
Monostable multivibrator is designed and studied.
DOCUMENT:
QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the operation of collector coupled Monostable Multivibrator?
2. Derive the expression for the gate width of a transistor Monostable Multivibrator?
3. Give the application of a Monostable Multivibrator.
OBSERVATION:
Legaspi:
In this experiment, a monostable multivibrator circuit was successfully constructed using two
NPN transistors (2N2369 / 2N2222A / BC547G) along with appropriate resistors and a capacitor.
The design was based on the given parameters: VCE = 5.56V, VCC = 6V, VCE(sat) = 0.3V,
VBE(sat) = 0.7V, IC = 6mA, and VF = -0.3V. Using the formula Rc = (VCC - VCE(sat)) / IC, the
value of Rc was calculated as 950Ω. A triggering pulse was applied to the normally OFF transistor,
switching the circuit from its stable state to a quasi-stable state, during which Q1 turned ON and Q2
turned OFF. The pulse duration (Ton) was observed as 10ms, while the time in the stable state (Toff)
was 8ms, giving a total cycle time of 18ms. The waveforms observed on the CRO confirmed the
expected timing behavior of the multivibrator, verifying that the circuit operated as intended by
producing a single, stable output pulse in response to each trigger.
Mayol:
In this experiment was able to construct a monostable multivibrator circuit using two NPN
transistors (2N2369 / 2N2222A / BC547G), appropriate resistors, and a capacitor. VCE = 5.56V,
VCC = 6V, VCE(sat) = 0.3V, VBE(sat) = 0.7V, IC = 6mA, and VF = -0.3V were
the specifications that formed the basis of the design. The Rc value was calculated to be 950Ω using
the equation Rc = (VCC - VCE(sat)) / IC. The circuit was toggled from its stable state to a quasi-
stable state by triggering a pulse to the normally OFF transistor, which made Q1 turn ON and
Q2 turn OFF. The total cycle time was 18 ms, with the pulse width (Ton) being 10 ms and the stable-
state time (Toff) being 8 ms. The waveforms observed on the CRO confirmed that the
circuit operated as intended by producing a single, stable output pulse for every trigger, as expected
of the multivibrator's timing action.
