An

INTERNSHIP

REPORT
on

“MSEDCL 33/11 KV SUBSTATION DHANORA ”

Submitted by
Mr. AMAR ANANT SWAMI (243609)
TE Electrical

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the TE of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Mr. R. S. Tarade

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VIDYA PRATISHTHAN’S
KAMALNAYAN BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
VIDYANAGARI, BARAMATI.
2024-25
Vidya Pratishthan’s
Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Baramati
Vidyanagari, Bhigwan Road, Baramati, Dist. Pune (Maharashtra) - 413 133,
India.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the Internship Report entitled “MSEDCL 33/11 KV SUBSTATION
DHANORA” submitted by Mr. AMAR ANANT SWAMI (243609) to Savitribai Phule Pune
University for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of
Engineering with specialization in Electrical Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried
out by her under my supervision and guidance. Further it is certified that, the work done by her
is original and carried out under my guidance as prescribed in the TE Electrical syllabus of
Savitribai Phule Pune University during the academic year 2024-25.

Internship Guide
Mr. R. S. Tarade

Assistant
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering

Mr. S. K. Raskar Mr. S. K. Raskar Mrs. P. N. Jaiswal Dr. S. B. Lande

Name of the mentor Internship Coordinator HOD Pripncipal
Elect. Engg. Dept. VPKBIET, Baramati
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible. Success is the
epitome of hard work, perseverance and most of all those guidance and encouragement crowned
our efforts and success.
I owe a debt of thanks to my mentor Prof. S. K. Raskar, who stood as a backbone to
my seminar work, having worked meticulously all through with special vigilance, zeal and
criticism. This contribution to the seminar is unbounded and mere words are not enough to
express our deepest sense of gratitude.
I thank Mrs. P. N. Jaiswal, Head of the Department for his constant encouragement
throughout this semester. His advice and co-operation in the completion of seminar is really
unforgettable. I am really indebted to him.
I would like to thank our beloved principal Dr. S. B. Lande, for providing me necessary
facilities. He has always been a source of inspiration and strength to me.
I am also grateful to all teaching and non- teaching staff of our department who helped
directly or indirectly for successful completion of seminar work.

Mr. Amar Anant Swami (243609)

ABSTRACT

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of a 33/11 kV substation, focusing on its design,
functionality, operation, and maintenance. The substation plays a critical role in stepping down the voltage
from 33 kV to 11 kV, ensuring the efficient distribution of electricity to local networks and industries. The
report covers key components, including transformers, circuit breakers, busbars, and protection systems.
A detailed study of the electrical load, power factor, and fault analysis is included, highlighting the
substation’s capability to handle various electrical demands. Additionally, the report examines safety
protocols, preventive maintenance schedules, and the implementation of modern technologies aimed at
enhancing system reliability and minimizing downtime. Recommendations for optimization, upgrades, and
the integration of renewable energy sources are also discussed, emphasizing the substation’s future
sustainability and performance.

.
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

Fig. 1 Transformer 2

Fig. 2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 5

Fig. 3 Isolator 11

Fig. 4 Current Transformer 12

Fig. 5 Potential Transformer 12

Fig 6 Lightening Arrester 13

Fig. 7 Capacitor Bank 14

Fig. 8 Busbar 14

Fig 9 Earthing System 15

Fig. 10 Control And Relay Panel 16

Fig 11 Battery Bank And Charger 17

Fig. 12 Meters And Measuring Instruments 17

Fig 13 Types of Insulators 18

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sr. No Abbreviations

1. kV – Kilovolt (unit of electrical potential or voltage)

2. CT – Current Transformer

3. VT – Voltage Transformer

4. Busbar – A metallic strip or bar used to connect electrical circuits.

5. CB – Circuit Breaker

6. PCC – Power Control Center

7. MCC – Motor Control Center

8. RL – Relay

9. SM – Switchgear Module

10. SF6 – Sulfur Hexafluoride (used as an insulating gas in some circuit breakers)

11. RMU – Ring Main Unit

12. OT – Oil Transformer

13. TR – Transformer

14. FA – Fault Analysis

15. SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

16. DTS – Distribution Transformer Station

17. BMS – Battery Management System

18. PLCC – Power Line Carrier Communication

19. RTU – Remote Terminal Unit

20. DOL – Direct-On-Line (motor starter method)

CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

Abstract
List of figures
List of Abbreviation
Introduction to Industry/ Organization
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 11
1.2 What is Substation? 12

1.3 33/11 KV Substation 13

Chapter 2 : Single line Diagram 14

2.1 Organizational structure of industry 15
Chapter 3 : Parts Of Substation 16

3.1 Transformer 16
3.2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 20
3.3 Isolator 21
3.4 Current Transformer 23
3.5 Potential Transformer 25
3.6 Lightening Arrester 27
3.7 Capacitor Bank 29
3.8 Busbar 32
3.9 Earthing System 35
3.10 Control And Relay Panel 39
3.11 Battery Bank and Charger 43
3.12 Meters and Measuring Instruments 47
3.13 Insulators 51
Chapter 4 : Construction of 33/11 KV Substation 52

Chapter 5 : Safety procedure followed 54

Chapter 6 : Particulars of practical experiences in 55

industry.
Chapter 7 : Conclusion & Future Scope 57

Internship Certificate
58
Introduction of Industry / Organization

The creation of Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) on June
06, 2005 is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in Maharashtra (India) which is the
focal point of the Power Sector, responsible for planning and managing the sector through its
transmission, distribution and supply of electricity.
MSDCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost-efficient electricity to
every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies,
providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country.
Mahavitaran or Mahadiscom or MSEDCL (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company
Limited) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Maharashtra State Electricity Board. It is the largest
electricity distribution utility in India (2nd largest in the World after SGCC in terms of consumers].
MSEDCL distributes electricity to the entire state of Maharashtra.

We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy organization,
sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, providing
uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the MSEDCL for providing me an opportunity to
undergo 20 days practical training at their substation. I am specially thankful to Mr. Sandeep
Chate sir (executive engineer), Mr. Rahul Amage sir (substation engineer),Mr. Namdev
Popalghat sir (senior operator) Dhanora Substation, Mr. Anant Swami sir (Operator) Mr. Deepak
Acharya sir (outsourcing operator), Mr. Dhananjay Shep sir (outsourcing operator), for their
valuable guidance and supervision throughout the training period. He taught me various aspects
of power transmission and distribution, such as transformer maintenance, meter reading, load
management, load calculation and fault detection. He also encouraged me to ask doubts whenever
I faced any difficulty.
I would like to express my appreciation to the entire team of MSEDCL, Dhanora (33/11kV
substation), where I had completed my internship. There collaboration and willingness to share
there knowledge and experiences have been invaluable to me.
Their expertise and experience helped me to refine my ideas and clarify my doubts and
arguments.
I am truly fortunate to have such a supportive academic community, Thank you to all.

Amar Anant Swami

(243609)
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
A 33/11 kV substation plays a vital role in the electrical power distribution network by stepping down
the voltage from the transmission level (33 kV) to the distribution level (11 kV). Substations like these
are crucial in ensuring the reliable delivery of electrical power from the grid to residential, commercial,
and industrial consumers. The primary function of a 33/11 kV substation is to transform high-voltage
electrical power into a lower voltage that is suitable for distribution over longer distances to smaller
transformers, which further supply power to end-users.
This internship provided an in-depth understanding of the design, operation, and maintenance of a 33/11
kV substation, which includes essential components such as transformers, circuit breakers, busbars,
relays, protection systems, and control panels. During the internship, I was able to observe the operation
of critical systems, perform routine inspections, and learn the safety protocols necessary to ensure
smooth and uninterrupted power distribution.
The substation is designed to handle variations in electrical load, address potential faults, and protect
both the equipment and end-users from electrical hazards. Additionally, the introduction of modern
technologies such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems enhances the
monitoring and control of the substation’s functions, providing real-time data and improving operational
efficiency.
This report highlights the functioning of a 33/11 kV substation, key operational tasks, and the
importance of maintenance schedules in ensuring the substation's longevity and reliability. Through this
experience, I have gained valuable insights into electrical engineering practices and the critical
infrastructure that supports the electrical distribution network.
1.2 What is Substation?
A substation is a key component in the electrical power transmission and distribution system. It is a
facility where electrical voltage is either stepped up or stepped down to ensure efficient and safe
transmission of electricity over long distances. The substation serves to connect high-voltage
transmission lines to lower-voltage distribution networks that ultimately supply power to homes,
industries, and businesses.

• Key functions of a substation include:

1. Voltage Transformation: Substations contain transformers that either step up or step down
voltage. In high-voltage transmission systems, voltage is stepped up to reduce energy losses
during long-distance transmission, and it is stepped down in substations to levels suitable for
safe use by consumers.
2. Power Distribution: Substations direct and control the flow of electricity, directing it to various
parts of the grid or directly to consumers. It acts as a junction point for the power network.
3. Circuit Protection: Substations include protective devices like circuit breakers and fuses that
automatically disconnect parts of the network during faults, preventing equipment damage or
dangerous situations such as electrical fires.
4. Switching and Control: Substations have control systems for regulating power flow, including
switches, monitoring equipment, and control systems. Modern substations may incorporate
advanced systems like SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for real-time
monitoring and control.
5. Safety and Regulation: Substations ensure the proper regulation of voltage and current to
prevent overloading and equipment failure. They also ensure the safety of electrical components,
operators, and surrounding areas by providing proper insulation, earthing, and fault protection
mechanisms.
1.3 33/11 KV Substation

A 33/11 kV substation is an electrical power substation that is designed to step down electrical voltage
from 33 kV (kilovolts) to 11 kV. Here’s how it works:

1. Voltage Levels:
• 33 kV (High Voltage): The electrical power is transmitted at high voltage over long distances,
which minimizes the loss of energy. The 33 kV is considered a medium-high voltage level used
for transmitting power from the power plants to local areas.
• 11 kV (Lower Voltage): 11 kV is the voltage typically used for distribution in residential and
commercial areas. It’s a lower, safer voltage that can be used for local power distribution.
2. Purpose of the Substation:
• A substation is a crucial component of the electrical grid that facilitates the transformation of
voltage levels to suit different stages of the power transmission and distribution system.
• The 33 kV side of the substation receives the power from the transmission network (high
voltage).
• The substation's transformer steps down the voltage from 33 kV to 11 kV to make it suitable for
distribution to consumers.
3. Key Components:
• Transformer: The main equipment in the substation, which changes the voltage from 33 kV to
11 kV.
• Circuit Breakers: These devices protect the substation by automatically disconnecting
electrical power in case of faults or abnormal conditions.
• Busbars: These are metallic strips or bars that conduct electricity within the substation.
• Switchgear: Equipment that can switch electrical circuits on and off to control the power flow.
• Protection Relays: These ensure that if a fault occurs, the substation is disconnected from the
grid quickly and safely.
• Feeder Lines: These carry the 11 kV power from the substation to the distribution network.
4. Operation:
• The incoming power from the 33 kV transmission line enters the substation.
• The transformer reduces the voltage to 11 kV.
• The 11 kV power is then fed into the distribution network for local use in residential and
commercial buildings.
• Protection devices continuously monitor the power system to prevent damage to the equipment
in case of faults.
5. Importance:
• These substations are crucial for ensuring that electrical power can be safely and efficiently
delivered to communities and industries.
• Without step-down substations like the 33/11 kV, it would be impossible to safely use the high-
voltage electricity for everyday use without causing damage to electrical appliances.
Chapter 2
Single line Diagram
2.1 Organizational structure of industry

The erstwhile Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) was looking after Generation, Transmission
& Distribution of Electricity in the State of Maharashtra. But with the enactment of the Electricity Act
2003 of the Government of India, MSEB was unbundled into 4 Companies on 6 June 2005 viz.
Mahanirmiti or Mahagenco (Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited
(MSPGCL),Mahapareshan or Mahatransco (Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company
Limited (MSETCL) and Mahavitaran or Mahadiscom (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution
Company Limited (MSEDCL) of these, Mahavitaran is responsible for the distribution of electricity
throughout the state by buying power from either MahaGenco, Captive Power Plants, or from other State
Electricity Boards and Private sector power generation companies. The 'MSEB Holding Company' was
created to hold all the stakes in these three companies.
MSEDCL operates through a network of offices consisting of a Corporate Office in Mumbai, 4
Regional Offices (Konkan, Pune, Aurangabad & Nagpur), 16 Zonal Offices, 44 Circle Offices, and
145 Divisional Offices.

Maharashtra State Electricity

Board
(MSEB)

Maharashtra State Power Maharashtra State Maharashtra State

Generation Company Electricity Transmission Electricity Distribution
Limited Company Limited Company Limited
(MSPGCL) (MSETCL) (MSEDCL)
Chapter 3
Parts of Substation
3.1 Transformer

A transformer is a four-terminal device that transforms an AC input voltage into a higher or lower AC
output voltage. It transforms power from a particular circuit to another with no frequency changes
regardless of the voltage levels. The transformer consists of three main components: primary winding,
which acts as an input, the second coil secondary winding, which acts as the output, and the iron core,
which serves to strengthen the magnetic field generated. Transformer has no internal moving parts, and
it transfers energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. External cooling may
include heat exchangers, radiators, fans, and oil pumps. Transformers typically used because a change
in voltage is needed. Power transformers are defined as transformers rated 500 kVA and larger
Figure:1 shows Power Transformers transfer electrical energy between two circuits completely
insulated from each other and this allows high voltage to low voltage (step-down transformer). Higher
voltage and lower current reduce the required size and cost of transmission lines and reduce transmission
losses. They do not require, as much attention as most other devices; nevertheless, the care and
maintenance, which they really require, is absolutely necessary. Because of their reliability,
maintenance is sometimes ignored, which reduces service life and sometimes outright failure.

Principle of operation -The function of the transformer is based on the principle that electrical energy
is transferred efficiently by magnetic induction from one circuit to another. When one winding of the
transformer is energized from an AC source, an alternating magnetic field is installed in the transformer
core. Alternating magnetic lines of force, which circulate through the core, are called “flux”. With a
second winding around the same core, voltage is induced by the alternating flux lines. A circuit,
connected to the terminals of the second winding, results in current flow. Each phase of a transformer
consists of two separate coil windings, wound on a common core. The low-voltage winding is located
closer to the core; the high-voltage winding is then placed around the low voltage winding and core.
The core is usually made from very thin steel laminations, each of which is covered with insulation.
Isolation between individual laminations reduces losses. The steel core provides a low resistance path
for magnetic flux. High-voltage and low-voltage windings are isolated from the core and from each
other, and leads are brought out through insulating bushings. A three-phase 4 transformer typically has
a core with three legs and has around each leg both high-voltage and low-voltage windings. For
insulation and internal structural support are used special paper and wood
fig : 1 Shows the main parts of 5 MVA Transformer

• Specification of 5MVA Transformer

A 5 MVA transformer is a power transformer with a rated power capacity of 5 Mega Volt-Amperes (MVA),
which is equivalent to 5,000 kVA (kilovolt-amperes). Here are the typical specifications and key features of a 5
MVA transformer:
1. Power Rating
• Rating: 5 MVA (Mega Volt-Amperes)
• This rating indicates the maximum apparent power the transformer can handle.

2. Primary and Secondary Voltage

• Primary Voltage: This is the high-voltage side of the transformer (typically the input voltage).
o Common primary voltage levels: 11 kV, 33 kV, or 66 kV (depending on the application
and location).
• Secondary Voltage: This is the low-voltage side of the transformer (typically the output
voltage).
o Common secondary voltage levels: 400 V, 415 V, 11 kV, or other voltage levels based
on the needs of the distribution network.
3. Impedance
• Impedance Voltage: Typically around 5-7% for medium-sized transformers like a 5 MVA
transformer.
• Impedance voltage is the voltage drop across the transformer when it is supplying full load
current. It is a crucial parameter for fault calculations.

4. Cooling Method
• Cooling Type:
o ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural): This is a common cooling method for transformers
in this range, where the oil circulates naturally to cool the windings, and the heat is
dissipated into the surrounding air.
o ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced) or ODAF (Oil Direct Air Forced): In some cases,
forced air cooling may be used to increase the transformer’s capacity to handle higher
loads.

5. Temperature Rise
• Temperature Rise: The typical temperature rise above ambient temperature for a 5 MVA
transformer is 55°C for the winding and 65°C for the oil. This means the transformer’s
temperature should not exceed these values during normal operation to prevent overheating and
damage.

6. Core Type
• Core Construction:
o Laminated Core: A 5 MVA transformer typically uses a laminated core made of silicon
steel sheets to reduce eddy current losses.
o Core Type: Either Radial Core or Shell Type. For medium-size transformers, radial
core is commonly used.

7. Vector Group
• The vector group of the transformer defines the relationship between the primary and secondary
windings (phases).
• Common vector groups for 5 MVA transformers include Dyn11, Yd11, or DYN1. For example,
Dyn11 indicates that the primary side is delta-connected and the secondary side is star-
connected, with a 30° phase shift.

8. Short Circuit Impedance

• Short Circuit Impedance: Typically, a 5 MVA transformer will have short-circuit impedance
in the range of 5-7%. This value is important for fault current calculations and system protection.

9. Frequency
• Frequency: The standard operating frequency for most transformers is 50 Hz (in most countries)
or 60 Hz (in some countries like the USA).
10. Load Losses and No-Load Losses
• Load Losses (Copper Losses): These are the losses occurring due to the resistance of the
windings when the transformer is under load. For a 5 MVA transformer, load losses are typically
in the range of 1-2 kW.
• No-Load Losses (Core Losses): These losses occur when the transformer is energized but not
under load. For a 5 MVA transformer, no-load losses might be in the range of 0.5-1.5 kW.

11. Insulation Class

• Insulation Class: The insulation class for a 5 MVA transformer typically falls within the Class
A, Class B, or Class F categories, with temperature limits of 105°C, 130°C, or 155°C,
respectively.

12. Tap Changer (If Applicable)

• On-load Tap Changer (OLTC): Some transformers are equipped with an on-load tap changer,
allowing the voltage to be adjusted under load conditions.
• Off-load Tap Changer: More common for distribution transformers, where the taps are
adjusted when the transformer is off.

13. Bushing Type

• Bushing: Bushings are used to insulate and allow conductors to enter or exit the transformer.
Typically, they are made of porcelain or polymer.

14. Protection Features

• Overload Protection: Protection against prolonged overcurrent conditions.
• Overvoltage Protection: Protection against abnormal voltage conditions.
• Temperature Sensors: Temperature sensors to prevent overheating.
• Pressure Relief Valve: In case of internal faults, such as gas buildup from faults within the
transformer, a pressure relief valve helps vent the gases.

15. Dimensions and Weight

• Dimensions: The physical size of a 5 MVA transformer can vary depending on its design and
the cooling system. Typical dimensions might range from 2.5 to 3.5 meters in height and 1.5 to
2.5 meters in width.
• Weight: A 5 MVA transformer typically weighs around 5-15 tons, depending on its design and
cooling method.
3.2 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)

• VCB stands for Vacuum Circuit Breaker. In vacuum circuit breakers, the vacuum is used as the arc
quenching medium.
• Vacuum offers the highest insulating strength. So it has far superior arc quenching properties than any
other medium (oil in oil CB SF6 in SF6 Circuit Breaker).
• For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in the vacuum, the interruption occurs at first current
zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands of times higher than that
obtained with Other type of circuit breaker.
• The production of arc in a vacuum circuit breaker and its extinction can be explained as follows : When
the contacts of the breaker are opened in the vacuum (10^-7 to 10^-5 torr), an arc is produced between
the contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of contacts.
• However, the arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapors, electrons, and ions produced during
arc rapidly condense on the surfaces of the circuit breaker contacts, resulting in a quick recovery of
dielectric strength.
• The salient feature of vacuum as an arc quenching medium is that as soon as the arc is produced in the
vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength in the vacuum.

Fig 2: internal structure of VCB

3.3 Isolator
An isolator (also known as a disconnect switch) in a 33/11 kV substation is an essential device used for ensuring
the safety of the electrical system during maintenance or repairs. Here’s a breakdown of its role and function:

1. Purpose:
• Isolation of Circuit: The primary function of an isolator is to isolate a section of the circuit from the rest
of the system. It ensures that there is no live current when performing maintenance or repairs, preventing
electrical shocks to the workers.
• Ensuring Safety: Isolators provide a physical break in the circuit, ensuring that no electrical energy is
present in the section being worked on, offering safety for maintenance staff.

2. Working Principle:
• Open and Close Operations: Isolators are used to open (disconnect) or close (connect) a circuit.
However, isolators are only operated when the system is de-energized (no current is flowing).
• No Current Flow During Operation: Unlike circuit breakers, isolators are not designed to break the
current. They are used only when the circuit is already de-energized by a circuit breaker. Once the circuit
breaker disconnects the power, the isolator can open the circuit.

3. Types of Isolators:
• Rotary Isolators: These are manually operated and used for small loads.
• Motorized Isolators: These are controlled remotely and can be operated with a motor for higher voltage
levels or in more complex substations.
• Horizontal or Vertical Isolators: Based on their design and where they are installed in the substation.

4. Location in 33/11 kV Substation:

• High-Voltage Side (33 kV): The isolators are installed on the high-voltage side of the substation (33 kV
side) to disconnect the incoming supply from the transmission lines to the substation.
• Low-Voltage Side (11 kV): Isolators are also installed on the 11 kV side to disconnect the power going
out to the distribution network.
• These isolators are usually installed in series with circuit breakers and can be operated once the breaker
has disconnected the load.

5. Design Considerations:
• Voltage Rating: For a 33/11 kV substation, the isolator must be rated for the voltage level (33 kV on the
high voltage side, and 11 kV on the low voltage side).
• Current Capacity: It must be able to handle the maximum current in the system, although it will only be
operating under no-load conditions.
• Clearance: Adequate clearance is provided to avoid flashover during operation, particularly in high
voltage conditions.
• Manual or Remote Operation: Depending on the substation’s design, isolators may be manually or
remotely operated.

6. Operational Safety:
• Visible Break: Most isolators have a visible gap when they are open, allowing workers to see that the
circuit is safely disconnected.
• Grounding: Often, isolators are used along with earthing (grounding) switches to ensure that any residual
charge on the isolated section is safely dissipated.

7. Maintenance:
• Regular inspections are required to check for wear and tear, corrosion, and proper functioning of the
isolator mechanism. Given the high voltage in the system, maintenance is critical to ensure reliability and
safety.
Isolators in a 33/11 kV substation are key safety devices designed to isolate sections of the electrical network for
maintenance. They are not meant to interrupt current under normal operation but provide a crucial role in ensuring
the system is safe to work on during maintenance or emergency conditions.

Fig 3: Isolator
3.4 Current Transformer

A Current Transformer (CT) is an essential component in electrical substations, particularly in the context of
high-voltage systems like a 33/11 kV substation. It is a type of instrument transformer used for measuring and
monitoring electrical current in high-voltage circuits. Here's how it functions and why it's important in a 33/11
kV substation:

Key Roles and Functionality of a Current Transformer (CT) in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Current Measurement:
o The primary function of the CT is to accurately measure high currents (typically in the range of
hundreds or thousands of amperes) in the primary high-voltage circuits.
o In a 33/11 kV substation, there are primary circuits carrying high current (33 kV and 11 kV), and
the CT provides a scaled-down version of this current for safe measurement and monitoring.

2. Safety and Isolation:

o The CT provides galvanic isolation between the high-voltage primary circuit and the low-voltage
secondary circuit, ensuring that electrical equipment used for measurement, protection, and control
remains safe from the high voltages of the primary circuit.
o The CT allows for accurate current measurement without directly interfacing with the dangerous
high-voltage system.

3. Voltage Transformation:
o The CT works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The primary current flowing through
the high-voltage conductor induces a proportional current in the secondary coil of the transformer.
o In a typical 33/11 kV substation, the CT may step down a large current from 1000 A (or more) in
the primary side to a much smaller current (like 5 A) on the secondary side, which can then be
safely monitored by instruments.

4. Protection Systems:
o CTs are integral to protection systems in substations. They are used to feed signals to protection
relays, which help detect fault conditions like short circuits or overloads.
o For example, if a fault occurs on the 33 kV line, the CT detects the abnormal current and sends it
to a protective relay, which can trip the circuit breaker to disconnect the faulty line.
o The CT's ability to scale down the current allows the protection system to function effectively and
prevent damage to both equipment and personnel.

5. Measurement and Control:

o The current transformed by the CT is fed into measuring devices like ammeters, energy meters,
and control systems.
o The 33 kV side typically requires a high degree of accuracy, and CTs ensure that the current
readings are proportionally scaled down for use in standard instruments.

6. Design and Construction:

o The CTs in a 33/11 kV substation are usually ring-type or bar-type transformers designed for
high-voltage applications.
o They are designed to handle high currents while providing low secondary current outputs
(typically 5 A or 1 A) that can be easily processed by measurement and protection devices.

Importance in 33/11 kV Substation:

• Accurate Monitoring: Ensures that the system's currents are accurately measured for operation and
maintenance.
• Protection: Plays a crucial role in fault detection and protection systems, ensuring quick isolation of faulty
circuits.
• Safety: Isolates high-voltage primary circuits from the measuring and control systems, preventing the risk
of electrical shock or damage to sensitive equipment.

A current transformer in a 33/11 kV substation is vital for safely measuring current, protecting equipment, and
ensuring reliable and efficient operation of the electrical distribution system.

Fig : 4 Current Transformer

3.5 Potential Transformer

A Potential Transformer (PT), also known as a Voltage Transformer (VT), is another crucial component in a
33/11 kV substation. Its primary function is to step down high voltages to lower, measurable levels for metering,
protection, and control purposes. Here's an explanation of the role and operation of a potential transformer in a
33/11 kV substation:

Function of a Potential Transformer (PT) in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Voltage Measurement:
o The PT is used to measure high voltage on the 33 kV and 11 kV primary circuits. The PT steps
down the high voltage to a lower, standardized value (typically 110 V or 63.5 V on the secondary
side), making it suitable for measurement by standard instruments such as voltmeters, ammeters,
and other monitoring equipment.

2. Voltage Transformation:
o The potential transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, similar to the
current transformer (CT). It has a primary winding that is connected to the high-voltage circuit
(either the 33 kV or 11 kV side).
o The PT steps down the high voltage to a lower, measurable voltage in its secondary winding. For
example, if the PT has a ratio of 33 kV/110 V, the high-voltage input of 33,000 V would be stepped
down to 110 V on the secondary side, which can be safely measured.

3. Safety and Isolation:

o Like the CT, the PT provides galvanic isolation between the high-voltage primary circuit and the
secondary, low-voltage measuring circuits. This ensures that personnel and equipment are
protected from the high voltage while still being able to accurately measure and monitor the
voltage levels.
o This isolation also helps prevent electrical hazards such as shocks and ensures that the secondary
side of the system remains safe and within low voltage limits.

4. Protection Systems:
o PTs are used in protection relays for voltage monitoring and fault detection. If an abnormal voltage
condition occurs (like a voltage surge or under-voltage), the PT sends the appropriate signals to
the protection system, which can trigger corrective actions such as tripping circuit breakers to
protect the equipment.
o Voltage relays connected to the PT can detect over-voltage or under-voltage conditions, ensuring
that the equipment operates within safe voltage limits.

5. Metering:
o The stepped-down voltage from the PT is also used for energy metering, helping utilities track the
power being consumed or transmitted across the substation.
o Voltmeters and other measuring instruments connected to the PT allow accurate monitoring of the
voltage levels at both the 33 kV and 11 kV sides of the substation.
6. Design and Construction:
o Potential transformers are generally designed with a high voltage primary winding and a low
voltage secondary winding. These transformers are designed to handle the voltage levels in a
substation while maintaining high accuracy in voltage measurement.
o In a 33/11 kV substation, the PTs must be capable of withstanding the high voltage stresses and
provide accurate and reliable voltage readings at the secondary side.

Importance in a 33/11 kV Substation:

• Accurate Voltage Monitoring: Ensures that the voltage levels on the primary and secondary sides are
accurately measured, helping maintain the stability and efficiency of the electrical grid.
• Protection: Helps protect equipment by allowing the monitoring of abnormal voltage conditions. The PT
provides the necessary input for voltage relays, which protect against over-voltage, under-voltage, and
other fault conditions.
• Safe Isolation: Provides isolation between the high-voltage side (33 kV or 11 kV) and the low-voltage
control and measurement equipment, ensuring safety for personnel working with the substation.

In a 33/11 kV substation, a potential transformer (PT) plays a vital role in voltage measurement, protection,
and control. It steps down high voltages from the 33 kV or 11 kV primary circuits to a lower, safe level for
metering and protection equipment. This enables accurate monitoring of voltage levels, isolation for safety, and
quick fault detection in case of abnormal voltage conditions.

Fig : 5 Potential Transformer

3.6 Lightening Arrester

A Lightning Arrester (also called a Surge Arrester) is a crucial component in electrical substations, including
33/11 kV substations, designed to protect the equipment from over-voltage surges caused by lightning strikes
or other transient voltage spikes. These surges can damage insulation and other electrical components, so lightning
arresters are installed to divert these high-voltage spikes safely to the ground.

Purpose and Function of a Lightning Arrester in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Protection from Lightning Strikes:

o The primary purpose of a lightning arrester is to protect electrical equipment (such as
transformers, circuit breakers, and other components) from the high-voltage transients caused by
lightning strikes or other surge events.
o Lightning can strike power lines, creating a voltage surge that travels along the lines into the
substation. These surges can exceed the voltage ratings of equipment, potentially causing
irreparable damage.
o The lightning arrester provides a pathway for the surge to travel safely to the ground, preventing
it from reaching sensitive equipment in the substation.

2. Operation of a Lightning Arrester:

o Normal Conditions: Under normal operating conditions, the lightning arrester is in a non-
conductive state and does not affect the substation's regular operation. The arrester has a very
high resistance in its resting state, so it doesn’t allow any current to flow under normal voltage
conditions.
o During a Surge (Lightning Strike): When a voltage surge (such as from a lightning strike)
exceeds the predetermined threshold voltage, the lightning arrester conducts the surge and diverts
it safely to the ground.
o Dissipation of Energy: The arrester absorbs the high voltage and releases the energy in the form
of heat or safely discharges it to the ground, thereby protecting other equipment.

3. Types of Lightning Arresters:

o Gap Type Arresters: These are older types of lightning arresters that use a gap (air gap) to break
down and conduct the high voltage surge. When the voltage exceeds a certain level, the gap breaks
down, and current is allowed to flow through, discharging the surge.
o Metal Oxide Arresters (MOA): Modern substations typically use Metal Oxide Arresters
(MOAs), which are more reliable and compact. They use a metal oxide semiconductor that has
a non-linear resistance. When the voltage surge exceeds a certain level, the resistance of the
material decreases, allowing the surge to pass through to the ground.

4. Role in a 33/11 kV Substation:

o In a 33/11 kV substation, lightning arresters are installed on both the 33 kV and 11 kV sides of
the system to protect against lightning-induced voltage surges or switching surges.
o On the 33 kV side: The lightning arrester protects high-voltage equipment like transformers and
busbars from large voltage spikes caused by lightning strikes or switching operations.
o On the 11 kV side: The arrester is used to protect medium-voltage equipment, such as feeders,
switchgear, and distribution lines.

5. Connection and Location:

o Lightning arresters are typically installed across phase conductors and ground, often near key
substation equipment. For example, arresters are placed at the incoming lines and the outgoing
feeders to safeguard both the primary and secondary systems.
o They are often positioned at terminals of transformers, busbars, and circuit breakers, where
voltage surges are most likely to cause damage.

6. Maintenance and Monitoring:

o Lightning arresters require periodic inspection and maintenance to ensure they are in good
condition. Over time, the components of the arrester may degrade, especially in areas with frequent
lightning activity.
o Modern systems may include monitoring devices that track the condition of the arrester and
indicate when it needs maintenance or replacement.

Importance of Lightning Arresters in a 33/11 kV Substation:

• Equipment Protection: The lightning arrester protects expensive substation equipment such as
transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear, and busbars from damage caused by over-voltage
conditions.
• Safety: By safely diverting lightning surges to the ground, the arrester prevents electric shocks or fires
caused by excessive voltage levels.
• System Stability: It ensures the continuity of service by preventing equipment failure that could lead to
system outages or disruptions.
• Cost Savings: Proper protection against lightning and surges reduces the need for costly repairs and
replacements of damaged equipment.

In a 33/11 kV substation, a lightning arrester is a critical protective device that ensures the safety and longevity
of the electrical equipment by diverting high-voltage surges, such as those caused by lightning, to the ground.
This helps protect sensitive components from damage, ensures the stable operation of the substation, and
minimizes the risk of downtime or failures caused by electrical surges.

Fig : 6 lightning arrester

3.7 Capacitor Bank

A Capacitor Bank in a 33/11 kV substation is a system of capacitors connected in parallel to the power system
to improve the overall efficiency of the electrical network. Its primary function is to compensate for reactive
power (VARs - Volt-Ampere Reactive) in the system, thereby improving the power factor and voltage stability.

Key Functions and Importance of a Capacitor Bank in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Reactive Power Compensation:

o Reactive power is needed to maintain the voltage levels that allow active power (real power) to
do useful work. However, reactive power does not contribute to the actual work done by the
system, but it is still required for magnetic fields in devices like transformers, motors, and other
inductive loads.
o A capacitor bank provides leading reactive power, which balances the lagging reactive power
drawn by inductive loads like motors, transformers, and other equipment in the system. By doing
so, it improves the power factor of the network.

2. Improvement of Power Factor:

o In a 33/11 kV substation, there may be many inductive loads that cause the system's power factor
to be low. Low power factor means more current is needed to deliver the same amount of real
power, leading to increased losses in the transmission and distribution system.
o A capacitor bank helps improve the power factor by providing capacitive reactive power, thus
reducing the overall current demand on the system. A higher power factor leads to more
efficient use of electrical power, reducing transmission losses and preventing overloading of
transformers and transmission lines.

3. Voltage Regulation:
o Capacitor banks help to maintain voltage stability in the substation and the broader network.
When reactive power is supplied by the capacitor bank, it helps support the voltage level in the
system, especially during times of high demand or during reactive power deficits.
o Voltage drop in a system can be reduced because the capacitor bank supplies leading reactive
power, which supports the voltage and helps to reduce the need for reactive power from other
sources.

4. Reduction of Transmission Losses:

o By improving the power factor and reducing the amount of reactive power flowing through the
transmission lines, capacitor banks reduce the overall current that needs to be transmitted. This
leads to a reduction in losses (I²R losses) in the transmission and distribution lines, improving the
overall system efficiency.

5. Capacitor Bank Configuration in a 33/11 kV Substation:

o In a 33/11 kV substation, capacitor banks are typically installed on the low-voltage side (11 kV),
as this is where the reactive power demand is most prominent. However, they may also be installed
on the 33 kV side if there are significant reactive power demands on the higher voltage side.
o Shunt capacitor banks are commonly used in substations. These are connected in parallel with
the load and help to provide local compensation for reactive power.

6. Automatic or Manual Control:

o Automatic control systems are often used for capacitor banks to maintain a desired power factor
or reactive power level. These systems adjust the number of capacitors connected to the network
based on real-time conditions. For example, when the reactive power demand increases (e.g., due
to heavy inductive load), the system automatically switches in more capacitors to provide the
necessary compensation.
o Alternatively, manual control may be used in smaller substations or simpler systems, where the
capacitors are switched in or out as required.

7. Harmonic Filtering:
o Capacitor banks can also be used to filter harmonics that may be present in the system. Harmonics
are high-frequency voltage or current waves that can distort the normal waveforms, leading to
inefficiencies or even equipment damage. Capacitors, when properly designed, can help in
mitigating these harmonic issues by providing a path for certain harmonic frequencies to be filtered
out.

Types of Capacitor Banks in Substations:

1. Fixed Capacitor Banks:

o These are always connected to the system and provide a constant amount of reactive power. They
are suitable for systems with steady reactive power requirements.
2. Variable or Automatic Capacitor Banks:
o These banks consist of multiple stages of capacitors that can be switched in or out of the circuit
automatically, depending on the system’s reactive power demand. This flexibility helps maintain
a consistent power factor and optimize system performance.
3. Detuned Capacitor Banks:
o These are specifically designed to mitigate the effects of harmonics in the system. They are
typically used in networks with significant harmonic distortion.

Benefits of Capacitor Banks in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Improved System Efficiency:

o By improving the power factor, the capacitor bank reduces the total reactive power required from
the system, which in turn reduces losses and helps in making better use of the generated electrical
power.
2. Reduced Transmission Line Losses:
o With the capacitor bank improving power factor, the current flow is minimized, leading to reduced
transmission losses in the system.
3. Stabilized Voltage:
o Capacitor banks help regulate and stabilize voltage, ensuring that the voltage levels remain within
safe and acceptable ranges, especially during times of high demand.
4. Reduced Load on Generators:
o The capacitor bank reduces the reactive power burden on generators and transformers, enabling
them to focus more on supplying real power to the system.

A capacitor bank in a 33/11 kV substation plays a crucial role in improving the power factor, voltage stability,
and overall system efficiency. By compensating for reactive power, it reduces losses, stabilizes voltage, and
ensures that the electrical equipment operates at optimal conditions. Whether it is a fixed, automatic, or detuned
capacitor bank, its main goal is to ensure that the power system operates efficiently and with minimal waste.

Fig : 7 Capacitor Bank

3.8 Busbar

A busbar is a crucial component in a 33/11 kV substation. It acts as a common junction or distribution point for
electrical power and allows multiple connections between various components such as transformers, circuit
breakers, feeder lines, and switchgear. In simpler terms, a busbar is essentially a conductive strip or bar used
for the purpose of gathering and distributing electrical power within a substation.

Purpose and Function of a Busbar in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Power Distribution:
o The primary function of the busbar is to distribute power from the incoming high-voltage lines
(such as the 33 kV supply) to the secondary side (like the 11 kV feeders) or to other parts of the
substation.
o In a 33/11 kV substation, the busbar is used to connect the high-voltage (33 kV) side to the low-
voltage (11 kV) side, and it may also interconnect different feeders to ensure the efficient transfer
of electrical energy.

2. Connecting Substation Components:

o The busbar provides a connection point for various pieces of equipment, including:
▪ Transformers: The busbar connects the primary (33 kV) and secondary (11 kV) windings
of transformers.
▪ Switchgear: Circuit breakers, isolators, and other switching devices are connected to the
busbar, allowing for safe operation and fault isolation.
▪ Feeder Lines: The busbar distributes the electrical power to different feeders (11 kV
lines) that supply electricity to different parts of the network.

3. Flexibility and Ease of Operation:

o The busbar allows flexibility in the operation of the substation. For example, if maintenance or
repairs need to be carried out on a specific part of the system, the busbar allows isolation of
specific sections while still keeping other parts of the substation operational.
o Multiple feeders or transformers can be connected to the busbar, enabling parallel operation of
equipment.

4. Redundancy and Reliability:

o Busbars often have redundancy built into the design. For instance, a double busbar configuration
might be used, where there are two busbars to ensure that if one busbar is being worked on or fails,
the other can continue to carry the load.
o This redundancy ensures high reliability and continuous power supply to the network.

5. Safety:
o The busbar plays a role in ensuring that the electrical system is safe by distributing the power
evenly and maintaining balance across the substation. It also provides a central point for
protection systems to operate effectively, as faults can be quickly isolated using circuit breakers
or isolators connected to the busbar.
o A properly designed and well-maintained busbar reduces the risk of overloads or faults and
minimizes the chances of equipment damage.

Types of Busbars in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Single Busbar System:

o In a single busbar system, all components of the substation (transformers, feeders, circuit breakers,
etc.) are connected to a single busbar.
o While simple and cost-effective, the single busbar system lacks redundancy. If a fault occurs on
the busbar, the entire system could be affected, and the substation may need to be taken offline.

2. Double Busbar System:

o A double busbar system uses two busbars, which are typically arranged in parallel. Each busbar
can be independently isolated, allowing for maintenance or fault isolation without shutting down
the entire substation.
o This provides higher reliability and flexibility in operation, as it allows certain sections of the
substation to remain operational even when part of the system is being worked on.

3. Busbar with Transfer Bus:

o A busbar with a transfer bus involves having a third busbar for transferring the load from one
busbar to another. This can be useful in complex substations that require high availability and
operational flexibility.
o This type of setup is common in critical systems where minimizing downtime is essential.

Design and Construction of Busbars in a 33/11 kV Substation:

• Material: Busbars are typically made from highly conductive materials such as copper or aluminum,
which offer excellent conductivity while maintaining strength.
• Shape: The shape of the busbar can vary depending on its design and application. Common shapes include
flat, round, or hollow busbars. Flat busbars are often used in substations because they have a larger
surface area, allowing for better current distribution and cooling.
• Size and Rating: The size and capacity of the busbar are determined by the current rating required to
carry the electrical load. For high-voltage substations like the 33/11 kV substation, busbars need to be
designed for high current capacity and should be capable of withstanding high temperatures.
• Insulation: In high-voltage systems, the busbar may be insulated or uninsulated depending on the
voltage levels and system design. In some configurations, busbars are mounted on insulating supports to
prevent contact with grounded surfaces and minimize the risk of short circuits.
Advantages of Busbars in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Efficient Power Distribution:

o Busbars provide an efficient and compact means of distributing power throughout the substation.
They reduce the need for complex wiring and ensure a neater and more organized electrical
setup.
2. Flexibility:
o Busbars allow for easy expansion and modification of the substation, such as adding more
transformers or feeders, without disrupting the operation of the existing equipment.
3. Reduced Voltage Drop:
o Since busbars typically have a low impedance, they help reduce voltage drop and allow for better
voltage regulation throughout the substation.
4. Cost-Effective and Reliable:
o Busbars are often more cost-effective and reliable compared to running individual connections to
each substation component. They can handle high current and provide a solid distribution network.

In a 33/11 kV substation, the busbar is a central electrical distribution element that connects various components
such as transformers, circuit breakers, and feeders. It helps in distributing electrical power efficiently, provides
operational flexibility, and ensures the safety and reliability of the substation. Busbars come in various
configurations (single, double, and with transfer bus), with the double busbar system being the most common in
modern substations for redundancy and higher reliability. By improving power distribution, reducing voltage
drops, and offering maintenance flexibility, busbars are a critical element in ensuring the smooth operation of the
substation and the power grid.

Fig : 8 Busbars
3.9 Earthing System

The earthing system in a 33/11 kV substation is crucial for the safety of both personnel and equipment, ensuring
the safe discharge of electrical faults or excess voltage to the ground. The main objective of an earthing system
is to provide a low-resistance path for fault currents to flow safely into the earth, thereby minimizing the risk of
electrical shocks, fires, and equipment damage.

Purpose of the Earthing System in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Safety of Personnel:
o The earthing system helps to protect people working in or around the substation from electric
shock by ensuring that any fault current is safely routed to the earth. Without an effective earthing
system, metal parts and equipment can become live under fault conditions, posing a significant
safety hazard.

2. Equipment Protection:
o It helps protect substation equipment, such as transformers, switchgear, busbars, and circuit
breakers, from damage due to fault currents or voltage surges (e.g., from lightning or equipment
failure). By directing these currents into the ground, the earthing system prevents excessive voltage
that could cause equipment failure.

3. Voltage Control:
o The earthing system ensures that the neutral of the system is at earth potential, keeping the voltage
within safe limits. This helps stabilize the electrical network and maintains a reliable power supply.

4. Prevention of Fire Hazards:

o Proper earthing helps prevent electrical fires caused by fault currents, which could otherwise build
up heat in electrical components or structures if not directed safely to the ground.

Types of Earthing Systems in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. System Earthing (Neutral Earthing):

o Neutral earthing is crucial in a substation, and it involves grounding the neutral point of the
transformer or generator. In a 33/11 kV substation, this typically involves the star connection of
the transformer on the high-voltage (33 kV) side, where the neutral point is grounded.
o Earthing the neutral ensures that, under fault conditions, the fault current can flow easily to the
ground, preventing a buildup of voltage on the system.

2. Equipment Earthing:
o All metallic parts of electrical equipment (e.g., transformers, switchgear, busbars, circuit
breakers) are connected to the earthing system. This prevents them from becoming live during
fault conditions, which could pose a shock hazard.
o These metal parts are bonded to the earth grid or earthing electrodes to provide a safe path for
fault current.
3. Earthing Grid (Grounding System):
o In a substation, an earthing grid is typically formed using a network of horizontal and vertical
conductors buried in the ground, usually in the form of a mesh or grid pattern.
o This grid is connected to various substation components (e.g., transformer body, switchgear,
structures) and provides a low-resistance path for fault currents to dissipate into the earth.
4. Earth Electrodes:
o The earth electrodes (e.g., ground rods, plates, or conductors) are connected to the earthing
grid to establish an effective connection between the electrical system and the earth.
o These electrodes are typically buried underground to ensure a low-resistance path for fault
currents. They also help in dissipating the current into the earth in the event of a fault.

Components of the Earthing System:

1. Earthing Conductors:
o These are the conductors used to connect various electrical components (e.g., transformer bodies,
metal enclosures, busbars) to the earth grid. Copper or aluminum conductors are typically used
due to their good conductivity.

2. Earth Mat/Grid:
o An earth mat or earth grid is a network of conductors, usually copper or galvanized steel, that is
laid on the ground surface or buried beneath it. This provides a continuous connection between the
equipment and the earth, ensuring low resistance for fault currents.
o The grid is typically designed as a mesh pattern for optimal coverage and current dissipation.

3. Earth Pit and Electrodes:

o Earthing electrodes (such as ground rods, plates, or piles) are installed in the ground and
connected to the earthing grid. The number and size of electrodes depend on the soil resistivity
and the fault current magnitude.
o The earth pit is where the earth electrode is installed and connected to the earthing grid. It is
important that the resistance to earth remains as low as possible for effective fault current
dissipation.

4. Bonding and Connections:

o Bonding is the process of connecting different metallic parts of the substation equipment (such as
frames, structures, and switchgear) to the earthing system to ensure that they all share the same
potential and are at earth potential during fault conditions.
o Proper connections are critical to ensure that there are no high impedance paths in the system,
which could result in dangerous voltages or inefficient fault current flow.

Working Principle of the Earthing System:

• Under normal operating conditions, the electrical system (such as the 33 kV and 11 kV networks) will
carry the required currents through conductors and transformers.
• During a fault condition, such as a short circuit or earth fault, the earthing system provides a low-
resistance path for the fault current to flow into the ground, thus avoiding the risk of electric shock to
personnel and preventing damage to equipment.
• The fault current travels through the earth grid and dissipates into the earth, which should have a low
resistivity to minimize the fault current's flow impedance.

Earthing System Design Considerations:

1. Resistance to Earth:
o The resistance to earth should be as low as possible (typically less than 1 ohm) to ensure that
fault currents are effectively dissipated.
o Soil resistivity is a key factor in designing the earthing system, and it is important to select proper
earthing materials and electrode sizes based on soil conditions.
2. Earthing for Safety:
o The earthing system must be designed to ensure that there is no dangerous potential difference
between different parts of the substation or between the substation and the surrounding area.
o Touch potential and step potential (the voltage difference between the feet of a person standing
near an earth electrode during a fault) should be kept within safe limits to prevent electrocution
risks.

3. Regular Maintenance and Testing:

o The earthing system must be periodically tested to ensure it maintains a low resistance to earth.
Regular checks should also ensure that there are no corroded connections, broken conductors,
or damaged electrodes that could reduce the system's effectiveness.
o Earth resistance testing is carried out using instruments like a megger to ensure that the earthing
system is functioning properly.

The earthing system in a 33/11 kV substation is a vital safety and protection feature, designed to ensure that
fault currents are safely directed to the ground. It protects personnel from electric shocks, prevents equipment
damage from faults, stabilizes voltage, and reduces the risk of fire. The system typically includes neutral earthing,
equipment earthing, an earth mat/grid, earth electrodes, and conductors, all of which are designed to provide a
low-resistance path for fault currents. Proper design, installation, and maintenance of the earthing system are
essential for the safe and efficient operation of the substation.
Fig : 9 Earthing System
3.10 Control And Relay Panel

The Control and Relay Panel (CRP) in a 33/11 kV substation is a critical part of the substation's electrical
protection, control, and monitoring system. It houses various control and protection devices, including relays,
circuit breakers, switches, and other monitoring equipment. The CRP allows operators to control the substation's
equipment, protect it from faults, and ensure the safe and reliable operation of the power distribution system.

Purpose of the Control and Relay Panel in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Protection:
o The CRP is responsible for protecting the substation's equipment (e.g., transformers, busbars,
circuit breakers, feeder lines) from electrical faults such as overcurrent, earth faults, short
circuits, and voltage abnormalities.
o The relays in the CRP detect faults and trigger the appropriate protection devices, such as circuit
breakers, to isolate faulty sections of the system, thereby minimizing damage and ensuring system
stability.

2. Control:
o The CRP enables the remote operation of various substation components. Operators can remotely
control the operation of circuit breakers, isolators, and other devices to connect or disconnect parts
of the system for maintenance, repairs, or load management.
o The control system allows for manual or automatic switching of equipment, ensuring that the
substation can be operated safely and efficiently.

3. Monitoring and Indication:

o The CRP provides real-time monitoring of important parameters such as voltage, current, power
flow, and fault conditions. It includes indicators, meters, and gauges to show the operational
status of various equipment.
o It also provides visual indications of faults or alarms, helping operators respond promptly to
issues within the substation.

4. Communication:
o The CRP often incorporates communication systems that allow it to exchange data with other
substations or control centers, which is essential for network monitoring and load management.
These systems can include SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for remote
monitoring and control.

Components of the Control and Relay Panel:

1. Relays:
o Relays are automatic protective devices used to detect faults and initiate actions like opening a
circuit breaker. Common types of relays in the CRP include:
▪ Overcurrent Relays: Protect against excessive current.
▪ Differential Relays: Protect transformers by detecting differences between the primary
and secondary currents.
▪ Earth Fault Relays: Detect faults to earth and initiate disconnection.
▪ Under/Overvoltage Relays: Protect against voltage fluctuations beyond safe limits.
▪ Distance Relays: Used for protection against faults on transmission lines by measuring the
impedance.
▪
2. Circuit Breakers:
o Circuit breakers are used to interrupt power when a fault is detected. The CRP controls the
operation of circuit breakers through signals from relays or manual inputs from operators.
o Automatic operation: Circuit breakers can automatically open or close based on relay inputs in
case of a fault.
o Manual operation: Operators can manually open or close circuit breakers via the control panel
when needed.

3. Indicators and Meters:

o The CRP includes various indicators and meters that display the status of electrical parameters
such as:
▪ Voltage Indicators: Show the system's voltage levels.
▪ Current Meters: Display the current flowing through the system.
▪ Power Meters: Indicate the power consumption or generation.
▪ Fault Indicators: Light up to indicate a fault condition or alarm in the system.
▪ Phase Sequence Indicators: Indicate the sequence of phases in the power supply.

4. Pushbuttons and Switches:

o The CRP includes pushbuttons and switches that allow operators to manually control the
operation of equipment, such as circuit breakers, isolation switches, and transformers. These
can be used to:
▪ Start or stop the operation of certain equipment.
▪ Open or close circuit breakers for maintenance or fault isolation.

5. Fault Annunciator:
o A fault annunciator provides an audible and visual signal when a fault occurs in the substation.
This helps operators identify the source of the problem quickly and take corrective action.

6. SCADA Interface (optional):

o In modern substations, the CRP can include an interface to a SCADA (Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition) system, which allows operators to remotely monitor and control substation
equipment from a centralized control room. SCADA provides real-time data such as voltage,
current, fault conditions, and equipment status.

7. Timer Relays:
o Timer relays are used to introduce delays in switching actions, which is especially useful for
coordinating the operation of protective relays or providing time for equipment to stabilize before
re-energizing.
Working of the Control and Relay Panel in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Fault Detection:
o When a fault occurs, such as an overcurrent or earth fault, the corresponding relay detects the
abnormal condition and sends a signal to the circuit breaker to trip or open, isolating the faulty
part of the system.
o The CRP relays continuously monitor system parameters and take action if any fault exceeds the
preset limits (e.g., if current exceeds a certain threshold).

2. Control Operations:
o Operators use the CRP to manually or remotely control equipment in the substation. For
instance:
▪ Operators can switch isolation switches to disconnect a section of the network for
maintenance.
▪ Circuit breakers are controlled to open or close based on the operational needs of the
substation.
▪ Busbar transfer or load shedding operations can be executed using the panel.

3. Relay Coordination:
o The relays in the CRP are coordinated in a way that ensures that fault isolation is carried out
selectively. For example:
▪ If a fault occurs on a feeder, the relay closest to the fault will trip first, leaving the rest of
the system operational.
▪ The coordination of time delays in overcurrent relays ensures that faults are cleared in
the right order to prevent unnecessary disconnection of parts of the network.

4. Indication and Alarm System:

o If a fault occurs or any parameter goes out of the defined limits, the alarm system in the CRP will
be activated. The system will provide visual indicators (e.g., flashing lights or alarm panels) and
audible alarms to alert operators about the fault or abnormal condition.
o In some cases, remote alarms can also be triggered, sending notifications to the central control
room for prompt action.

Types of Control and Relay Panels in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Conventional Control Panels:

o These panels are manually operated, where relays, circuit breakers, and switches are controlled via
pushbuttons or selector switches.
2. Digital Control Panels:
o In more modern systems, the CRP may include digital relays and a digital control system, which
offer more advanced features such as communication with SCADA systems, remote control, and
advanced fault diagnostics.
3. Automatic Transfer Panels (ATS):
o In some cases, the CRP may include an automatic transfer switch (ATS) to automatically transfer
power from one bus to another or to manage load shedding and distribution during abnormal
conditions.

Advantages of Control and Relay Panels:

1. Fault Detection and Isolation:

o The CRP provides rapid fault detection and ensures selective isolation, preventing faults from
propagating through the system and minimizing equipment damage.
2. Improved Control:
o It allows for centralized control of the substation, ensuring that operations are streamlined and
more efficient.
3. Enhanced Safety:
o The protection provided by the CRP ensures that faults are cleared promptly, reducing the risk of
electrical hazards to personnel and equipment.
4. Real-Time Monitoring:
o The CRP provides continuous monitoring of substation parameters, helping operators respond to
issues quickly and ensuring the stability of the electrical network.

The Control and Relay Panel (CRP) in a 33/11 kV substation is a vital component that manages the protection,
control, and monitoring of substation equipment. It includes relays, circuit breakers, indicators, meters, and other
control devices that enable the substation to operate safely and efficiently. By detecting faults, controlling
equipment, and providing real-time monitoring, the CRP ensures the reliable and secure operation of the electrical
network, protecting both the equipment and personnel.

Fig : 10 Control and Relay panel

3.11 Battery Bank and Charger

The battery bank and battery charger in a 33/11 kV substation are crucial components for providing an
uninterrupted DC power supply to the control, protection, and monitoring systems of the substation. These
systems are vital for the safe and efficient operation of the substation, especially during emergencies or power
outages. The battery bank stores energy, while the battery charger ensures the bank is properly charged and ready
for use when needed.

Battery Bank in a 33/11 kV Substation:

Purpose:
The battery bank in a substation provides the backup DC power required to operate critical equipment such as:
• Relays (protection and control relays),
• Circuit breakers (for tripping and closing),
• Communication equipment (such as SCADA systems),
• Control panels,
• Alarm systems, and
• Indicating instruments.
The battery bank ensures that these components continue to function during a power failure or grid disturbance,
maintaining the substation’s operational integrity and safety.

Key Components of the Battery Bank:

1. Batteries:
o The battery bank typically consists of lead-acid or sealed lead-acid batteries due to their
reliability, cost-effectiveness, and proven performance in backup power systems. Valve-regulated
lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are often used in modern substations because they require little
maintenance.
o These batteries are designed to provide a steady DC voltage (usually 110V or 220V for typical
substations) and can supply power for several hours depending on the load and battery capacity.

2. Battery Bank Configuration:

o Series Configuration: Batteries are connected in series to achieve the required voltage. For
instance, to achieve 110V, a substation may use 6 or 12 cells, each providing 2V.
o Parallel Configuration: Batteries are connected in parallel to increase the current capacity and
ensure longer backup time.
o In a 33/11 kV substation, the battery bank is sized to handle the critical loads for a specific period
(e.g., 8 hours, 24 hours) based on the expected fault or outage duration.

3. Battery Capacity:
o The capacity of the battery bank is typically measured in ampere-hours (Ah), which indicates
how much current the batteries can supply for a given period (e.g., 110V, 100Ah battery would
supply 110V at 100A for 1 hour).
o The design and capacity depend on the number of devices that require backup power and the
duration for which the backup is required.

4. Battery Rack:
o Batteries are mounted on a battery rack for safe and organized storage. The rack helps maintain
the correct configuration and provides adequate ventilation for cooling.

Functions of the Battery Bank:

• Backup Power Supply: In case of a power failure or failure of the main AC supply, the battery bank
ensures that the control and protection systems continue to operate. It powers critical equipment like
protection relays, circuit breakers, and alarms, ensuring that the substation can still function safely and
that faults can be isolated and cleared.
• Emergency Operation: The battery bank can keep essential systems running, including those that control
the automatic transfer of power or tripping of circuit breakers in the event of a fault.
• Continuous Monitoring: Some systems that monitor the battery voltage and current are powered by the
battery bank itself, ensuring that substation operators can detect any issues in the backup system before
they become critical.

Battery Charger in a 33/11 kV Substation:

Purpose:
The battery charger is responsible for charging and maintaining the charge of the battery bank while the
substation is operating under normal conditions. It ensures that the battery bank is fully charged and ready to
supply power during a power failure or emergency.

Key Functions of the Battery Charger:

1. Charging the Battery Bank:

o The battery charger regulates the charging current and voltage to ensure that the batteries are
charged correctly. It adjusts the charge to maintain the battery at 100% capacity without
overcharging, which can damage the batteries.
o The charger typically provides constant voltage or constant current charging, depending on the
battery type and configuration.

2. Float Charging:
o When the substation is operating normally, the charger provides a float charge, which means it
supplies a small current to maintain the battery bank at its full charge without overcharging it. The
float voltage is generally lower than the charging voltage used to initially charge the batteries,
ensuring that the batteries remain fully charged and ready for use in case of a power failure.

3. Equalization Charging:
o Occasionally, the battery charger will perform an equalization charge, which is a controlled
overcharge intended to balance the charge across all battery cells. This helps prevent the batteries
from developing voltage imbalances and extends their life.
4. Maintenance-Free Operation:
o Modern chargers typically use smart charging technology, which constantly monitors the
battery’s condition and adjusts the charging process accordingly to ensure optimal battery
performance. This minimizes the need for manual intervention and maintenance.

5. Fault Indication:
o Battery chargers often come with status indicators (such as LEDs or digital displays) to show
the health of the charging process, including indications of overcharging, undercharging, or
faults in the battery or charger itself.
o If the charger detects a problem (such as a battery fault or charging issue), it can trigger alarms or
visual indicators to alert substation personnel to take corrective action.

Types of Battery Chargers Used in Substations:

1. Constant Voltage Charger:

o This type of charger maintains a fixed voltage and adjusts the current based on the battery’s needs.
It is ideal for lead-acid batteries, as it provides the required float voltage.
2. Constant Current Charger:
o In this configuration, the charger maintains a constant current and adjusts the voltage to maintain
the charging rate. This charger is often used during the initial charging phase of a battery.
3. Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS):
o SMPS-based chargers are more efficient than traditional chargers. They use high-frequency
switching to convert AC voltage to the appropriate DC voltage for battery charging, providing a
more compact, lightweight, and energy-efficient solution.
4. Automatic Battery Charger:
o Some chargers come with automated systems that can monitor the battery bank’s voltage and
automatically adjust charging based on the battery’s state, optimizing the charging process and
ensuring that the battery is charged safely and efficiently.

Importance of Battery Bank and Charger in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Uninterrupted Operation:
o The battery bank and charger ensure that critical systems like protection and control circuits,
relays, and communication equipment remain operational even during a power failure.
2. Safety and Protection:
o Without a reliable battery backup, the protection relays, circuit breakers, and alarms in the
substation would be powerless in the event of a fault or power loss, compromising the safety of
the substation.
3. Reliability and Redundancy:
o The battery charger ensures that the battery bank remains at optimal charge levels, providing a
reliable backup during emergencies. This system enhances the overall reliability and fault
tolerance of the substation.
4. Preventive Maintenance:
o With proper charging and maintenance, the battery bank's lifespan is maximized. The battery
charger helps maintain the batteries in good condition, minimizing the risk of failure during a
power outage.

The battery bank and battery charger in a 33/11 kV substation are essential components that ensure the
reliable operation of protection, control, and communication systems during both normal and emergency
conditions. The battery bank stores energy to provide DC power when the AC supply is unavailable, while the
battery charger ensures that the battery bank remains fully charged and ready for use at all times. These systems
are crucial for the safety, efficiency, and continuity of power distribution in the substation.

Fig : 11 Battery Bank and Charger

3.12 Meters and Measuring Instruments

Meters and measuring instruments in a 33/11 kV substation are critical components that monitor and measure
various electrical parameters to ensure the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of the substation. These
instruments provide real-time data for operators to assess the performance of equipment, detect anomalies, and
make informed decisions for maintenance, fault detection, and load management.

Types of Meters and Measuring Instruments in a 33/11 kV Substation

1. Voltage Meters (Voltmeter):

o Purpose: Voltage meters measure the electrical potential difference (voltage) between two points
in the electrical system.
o Function: These meters are used to monitor the line voltage at various stages of the substation,
including incoming and outgoing feeders, busbars, and transformer secondary circuits.
o Types:
▪ Analog Voltmeters: Display voltage values with a moving needle on a scale.
▪ Digital Voltmeters: Provide precise voltage readings in digital format.
o Applications: Voltage meters help operators ensure that the voltage levels are within the specified
limits for safe operation, and to identify any voltage fluctuations or imbalances.

2. Current Meters (Ammeter):

o Purpose: Current meters measure the flow of electric current in amperes (A) through a conductor
or circuit.
o Function: These meters monitor the current in the feeder lines, transformers, busbars, and other
major equipment.
o Types:
▪ Analog Ammeters: Use a moving coil or moving iron mechanism to indicate the current
on a scale.
▪ Digital Ammeters: Provide more accurate and real-time current measurements in a digital
format.
o Applications: Ammeter readings help operators monitor the load on equipment and identify
overcurrent conditions, which could trigger protection relays to isolate faulty sections.

3. Power Meters (Wattmeter):

o Purpose: Power meters measure the amount of electrical power in a system, typically in watts
(W), kilowatts (kW), or megawatts (MW).
o Function: These meters help in calculating the active power consumed by the system, indicating
the real-time power usage and identifying any deviations in power consumption.
o Types:
▪ Analog Wattmeters: Use mechanical components to indicate power levels.
▪ Digital Wattmeters: Provide accurate readings of active power with digital displays and
can often measure other parameters like reactive power and apparent power.
o Applications: Power meters are essential for monitoring the energy usage, load distribution, and
efficiency of the system. They also help in identifying potential issues like overloading or poor
power factor.

4. Energy Meters (kWh Meter):

o Purpose: Energy meters measure the total energy consumed or delivered by the system over a
period, typically in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).
o Function: These meters accumulate the energy used by the substation or fed to the grid.
o Types:
▪ Electromechanical Energy Meters: Use mechanical components to record energy usage.
▪ Electronic Energy Meters: Provide digital readings, often with additional capabilities like
remote monitoring and communication with SCADA systems.
o Applications: Energy meters help to measure the total consumption or generation, which is
essential for billing, efficiency analysis, and operational planning.

5. Power Factor Meters:

o Purpose: These meters measure the power factor (PF) of the electrical system, which indicates
the efficiency of the power usage.
o Function: The power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power (i.e., the fraction of the
total power that does useful work).
o Types:
▪ Analog Power Factor Meters: Display the power factor as a pointer on a scale.
▪ Digital Power Factor Meters: Provide precise power factor measurements with digital
displays.
o Applications: Power factor meters help in optimizing reactive power compensation and
capacitor bank operation to improve the overall efficiency of the substation and avoid penalties
from the utility due to poor power factor.

6. Frequency Meters:
o Purpose: Frequency meters measure the frequency of the electrical supply, typically in hertz (Hz).
o Function: These meters are used to ensure that the substation is operating within the correct
frequency range (usually 50 Hz or 60 Hz, depending on the region).
o Types:
▪ Analog Frequency Meters: Use mechanical or electronic components to show the
frequency on a dial.
▪ Digital Frequency Meters: Provide a precise digital readout of the frequency.
o Applications: Frequency meters are used to detect frequency deviations that may indicate issues
with the grid, such as frequency instability caused by generation or load imbalances.

7. Temperature Meters and Thermocouples:

o Purpose: Temperature meters measure the temperature of various components, such as
transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment.
o Function: Overheating can be a sign of equipment malfunction or overloading. Temperature
meters help operators monitor the condition of equipment and avoid thermal damage.
o Types:
▪ Thermometers: Analog or digital devices that measure temperature.
▪ Thermocouples: Sensors that measure temperature changes based on voltage differences.
o Applications: These meters are critical for monitoring the temperature of transformers, circuit
breakers, and other components that may heat up under high load conditions, indicating the need
for cooling or load management.

8. Earth Fault Detectors:

o Purpose: These instruments detect earth faults or grounding issues in the substation's electrical
system.
o Function: Earth fault detectors monitor for unintentional current flow to the ground, which can be
dangerous and lead to equipment failure or safety hazards.

o Types:
▪ Earth Fault Indicators: Provide visual or audible alerts when an earth fault is detected.
o Applications: These detectors are essential for maintaining the safety of the substation and
preventing damage to equipment due to earth faults or insulation breakdown.

9. Insulation Resistance Meters:

o Purpose: These meters measure the insulation resistance of equipment, such as transformers,
cables, and circuit breakers.
o Function: They help assess the integrity of the insulation system, which is crucial for preventing
electrical faults and ensuring the substation’s safety.
o Types:
▪ Analog Insulation Resistance Meters: Use a dial to show the resistance value.
▪ Digital Insulation Resistance Meters: Provide more accurate and detailed resistance
readings.
o Applications: Insulation resistance testing is done periodically to ensure that insulation is in good
condition, reducing the risk of breakdowns or electrical shocks.

10. Circuit Breaker Timing Meters:

o Purpose: These meters measure the operation time of circuit breakers during opening and closing
events.
o Function: Timing meters assess whether circuit breakers are operating within the required time
frames (for example, to ensure fault isolation).
o Types:
▪ Analog or Digital Timing Meters: Record the duration of the circuit breaker operation.
o Applications: Circuit breaker timing meters help in preventive maintenance by verifying the
speed of the breaker operation and ensuring that they are functioning correctly.

Other Important Instruments:

• Harmonic Analyzers : These instruments measure the levels of harmonics in the electrical system, which
can affect equipment performance and power quality.
• Protection Relays: Though not strictly measuring instruments, protection relays play a key role in
detecting faults and protecting equipment by measuring parameters like current, voltage, and frequency.
• Current Transformers (CTs) and Voltage Transformers (VTs): Used for scaling down the high
voltages and currents in the substation to measurable values suitable for meters and protection devices.

Importance of Meters and Measuring Instruments in a 33/11 kV Substation:

1. Operational Efficiency: These meters provide real-time data that help operators manage loads, detect
inefficiencies, and ensure the substation operates optimally.
2. Fault Detection: Monitoring the parameters like current, voltage, and power helps in identifying faults
and issues early, reducing the risk of damage to equipment and enhancing system reliability.
3. Load Management: By continuously measuring energy consumption and power factor, operators can
adjust operations to prevent overloading and optimize energy distribution.
4. Safety: Proper measurement and monitoring of electrical parameters ensure that the substation operates
within safe limits, preventing accidents or damage due to equipment malfunction.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Accurate energy meters and power quality measurements are often required to
comply with local grid regulations and standards.

Meters and measuring instruments in a 33/11 kV substation play an essential role in monitoring and managing
electrical parameters, ensuring that the substation operates efficiently, safely, and reliably. They provide critical
data on voltage, current, power, energy consumption, temperature, and other key factors, allowing operators to
detect faults, prevent damage, and optimize performance. These instruments are key to the proper functioning of
the substation, ensuring continuous and stable power distribution to the grid and consumers.

Fig : 12 Measuring Meters in Substations

3.13 Insulators

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the current to the
conductors. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of the insulator is porcelain. There are
several types of insulators (e.g., pin type, suspension type, post insulator, etc.) and their use in substation will
depend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator
consists of a porcelain body. cast iron cap, and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that
bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap.
Types of Insulators:
1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Type Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stay Insulator
5. Shackle Insulator
The materials generally used for the insulating purpose is called insulating material. For successful
utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below,

1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry the tension and weight of conductors.
2. It must have a very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in the
High Voltage system.
3. It must possess high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities
5. It should not be porous.
6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of the electrical insulator so that the moisture or gases can
enter in it.
7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by changing temperature.

Fig : 13 Types of Insulators

Chapter- 4
“Construction of 33/11kv substation.”
The single line diagram (SLD) is the most basic of the set of diagrams that are used to document the electrical
functionality of the substation. Its emphasis is on communicating the functions of the power equipment and
the associated protection and control system. The main 33KV supply is come from Girwali and auxiliary
supply is fed from Saigaon, Further it connects with the 33/11KV Substation Dhanora. In substation there
are 2 power transformers. Transformer 1 has capacity of 5MVA on which there are 4 feeders i.e., Devla
GFSS, Patoda GFSS, Devla AG, Mamdapur AG. Transformer 2 has capacity of 5MVA on which there are 4
feeders i.e., Radi Feeder, Power Grid Feeder (Express Feeder), Akola AG, Akola GFSS and also control
room supply runs on it.
A substation battery charger ensures all the essential electrical systems in a substation continue to operate in
the event of a power output. An absence of an electrical supply could result in damage to equipment and
personal. The DC system is the most important component of a high voltage industrial/utility substation. It
supplies the energy needed to manage the protective devices and high voltage components and allows
electrical faults to be safely isolated. In 33/11KV substation 33V DC supply is required for that a set of 15
batteries of 2.2V is available
A Control & Relay Panel (CRP) solution is designed to control several feeders, through medium voltage
indoor and outdoor switchgear in a primary distribution substation. In this control panel relay, indicators, CT
PT meter, voltmeter, frequency meter, auxiliary switch, terminal box, numerical relay are integrated in there.
Capacitor banks provide stable voltage level, reactive power support, and increasing power transfer capability
in the power system. They are also used to compensate for the losses in transmission systems. Capacitor
banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage and current.
In substation there are 1 or 2 (SDT)are used for ag lines. Special design Transformers makes it possible to
provide uninterrupted single-phase power supply during load shedding time and 3 phase power supply for
the remaining number of hours. That is 24 X 7 hours power supply to agricultural and household usage for
the rural population.
Earthing is used to protect you from an electric shock. It does this by providing a path (a protective conductor)
for a fault current to flow to earth. In sub-station mostly pipe earthing is used. all earthing pits are connected
with each other. The earthing of transformer and lightning arrester is separate from other earthing pits.

Sr. No. Name of Equipment For 33 KV For 11 KV

1. Lightening Arrester 3 6
2. Isolator 3 19
3. PT 3 6
4. CT 3 24
5. Transformer 2 -
6. VCB - 9
7. Battery 15*12 I/P 230 V AC O/P 33V DC
Chapter 5

Safety procedure followed

1. Rubber Shoes: Rubber shoes are electric insulators which help electricians to get saved
from electric shocks.
2. Hand gloves: To wear the rubber hand gloves, protects from electric shock.
3. Insulated Tools: Insulated hand tools provide two types of protection for workers around live electrical
equipment. First, they help protect individuals against electrical shock and arcing. Second, they help protect the
equipment being inspected or repaired. This is important because even if electricians or technicians are working
on a deenergized piece of equipment they are still likely near other energized equipment. If they are using hand
tools that aren’t insulated and they happen to accidentally contact an energized component it could send live
voltage through the tool directly to the user.
4. Safety goggles: Safety goggles are designed to provide eye protection against various hazards like chemical
splashes, contaminants in lab, clean-rooms, heavy industrial environments with a direct or indirect venting design.
5. Crash Helmet: It is to prevent or reduce the danger due to flying or dropping objects, falling and prevent the
danger due to an electric shock given to the head. However, thermal discomfort of the head is one of the main
complaints in the case of wearing safety helmet.
6. Safety Belt: A safety belt is a device that is worn around a person's waist to serve as a direct connection point
to a lifeline or elevated structure. It is worn to arrest a fall and protect a worker from a sudden descent and
associated hazards when working at an elevated height.
7. Rubber mat: Used when operating switchboards, live LV-HV switchgear, substations, transformers and
electrical workstations, insulating rubber matting protects workers against electrical shock by absorbing the
power that can result from a short circuit or other electrical leak.
8. Discharge Rods: Non-Linear Carbon Discharge Resistor Type Discharge Rods are used to discharge dead
system having limited fault levels and also to discharge the static & induced charges in the dead system or
equipment, particularly in transmission lines, cables, transformers, reactors, large bus bar systems, switch-gears
etc.
9. Wooden ladders: Wooden ladders are also not suitable for electrical work because although wood is non-
conductive, most wooden ladders have metal braces and fasteners that can conduct electricity. When clean and
dry, fiberglass ladders are a good choice when working with or near electricity.
Chapter 6

Particulars of practical experiences in industry.

1. I am able to check the resistance and inductance of motor.

2. I am able to check the mechanical inspection.
3. I am able to draw a single line diagram for any substation.
4. I am able to identify the any types of conductors (for ex. Disc, suspension, or pin etc.)
5. I am able to identify the parts of transformer for any types of transformers (for ex. Power or distribution
transformers).
6. I am able to take a reading for any kwh meter or any Incomer.
7. I am able to identify the CT and PT.
8. I am able to ON or OFF any feeder and their process:
i) We had closed the VCB (breaker).
ii) We had to close the outdoing Isolator.
ii) We had closed the Incoming Isolator.
iii) We had to take the proper earthing to incoming Isolator.
9. I am able to use megger for checking CT PT and VCB for they are in good condition or bad condition.
10. I am able to reset Relay (numerical and master relay) and I able to identify problems on
line for ex. single line to ground fault (SLGF), double line to ground fault (DLGF), line to line fault (LLF)
and three-phase to ground fault (LLLGF).
Special/ challenging experiences encountered during training

✓ We Learnt to Change the tapings.

✓ We had hands on maintenance of transformer like tightening nuts and bolts, Replacing oil and cleaning
breather.
✓ Identifying HT and LT lines as they look similar.
✓ Tap changing is bit difficult.
✓ Identifying auxiliary and main equipment and their functions.
✓ Identifying HT and LT cables because cable has several coatings
Chapter 7

Conclusion & Future Scope

20 days industrial training at Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited (MSEDCL) is the best
thing I have ever experienced in the technical field. I have learnt lots of things from this training. This training
helped me to develop practical skills.
I could understand more about the definition of engineer which helped me to prepare myself to become a good
engineer in future. I got practical application of theory in the company.
The training helped me to clear concepts. I got motivated to pursuit for knowledge of electrical engineering due
to this training. Overall, my internship at Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited
(MSEDCL) has been successful.
Internship Certificate.