Analog Electronic Circuit Lab
EC-211
Department of Electronics & communication Engineering
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SILCHAR
22 nd Oct, 2021
Experiment- 5
Design of Active Filter Circuit using Op-Amp
22 nd Oct, 2021
Classification of Filters
Filter is mainly classified into two types:
Active Filters
Filter Circuit which consists of active components like Transistors and Op-amps in addition to
Resistors and Capacitors is called as Active Filter.
Passive Filters
Filter circuit which consists of passive components such as Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors is
called as Passive Filter.
Filter can be further categorized based on the operating frequency of a particular circuit. They are:
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter
Band Pass Filter
Band Stop Filter
Passive Low pass filter
A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted
high frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the
circuits designer
The low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off frequency, ƒc
point to pass while blocking those any higher.
Disadvantage of passive filters
1. The amplitude of the output signal is less than that of the input signal, i.e, the
gain is never greater than unity and that the load impedance affects the filters
characteristics.
2. With passive filter circuits containing multiple stages, this loss in signal
amplitude called “Attenuation” can become quiet severe.
Active Low pass filter using Op-Amp
By combining a basic RC Low Pass
Filter circuit with an operational
amplifier we can create an Active Low
Pass Filter circuit complete with
amplification.
This first-order low pass active filter,
consists simply of a passive RC filter
stage providing a low frequency path to
the input of a non-inverting operational
amplifier
Active Low pass filter with Amplification
The frequency response of the circuit will
be the same as that for the passive RC
filter, except that the amplitude of the
output is increased by the pass band
gain, AF of the amplifier. For a non-
inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude
of the voltage gain for the filter is given as
a function of the feedback resistor ( R2 )
divided by its corresponding input resistor
( R1 ) value and is given as:-
Gain of a first order active LPF
Example-1
Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that has a gain of 10 at low
frequencies, a high frequency cut-off or corner frequency of 159Hz and an input
impedance of 10KΩ
The voltage gain of a non-inverting operational amplifier is given as:
𝑅2
𝐴𝐹 = 1 +
𝑅1
Assume a value for resistor R1 of 1kΩ rearranging the formula above gives a value
for R2 of:
𝑅2 = 10 − 1 × 𝑅1 = 9 × 𝑅1 = 9𝑘Ω
The gain in dB
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log 𝐴 = 20 log 10 = 20 𝑑𝐵
Example-1
The cut-off or corner frequency (ƒc) is given as being 159Hz with an input impedance
of 10kΩ. This cut-off frequency can be found by using the formula:
1
𝑓𝑐 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑐 = 159 𝐻𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 = 10𝑘Ω
2𝜋𝑅3 𝐶1
By rearranging the above standard formula we can find the value of the filter capacitor C1 as:
1 1
𝐶1 = = 3
= 0.1 𝜇𝐹
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑅3 2𝜋 × 159 × 10 × 10
LPF Circuit Frequency Response Curve
Verification Through Software
Verification is being done using LTSPICE software
It can easily be downloaded from
https://www.analog.com/en/design-center/design-tools-and-calculators/ltspice-
simulator.html#
Voltage source is placed
Click escape button to deselect
the components.
First select this resistor, then
press ctrl+R to rotate the
resistor
Select Capacitor
Select two more resistor
R2 and R3 as per the
circuit diagram
Select wire to connect
all the terminal of the
circuit
Select two more voltage
sources for +vcc and –vcc
of the Op-Amp
Connect voltage sources
with Op-Amp
Connect Ground
Right click on C1 to set
the value of Capacitor
Click Select Capacitor
C1= 0.1 micro farad
Right click on R1 to set
the value of Resistor
Select Resistor, or
directly write 10K in
resistance
R1= 10K
Right click on R2 to set
the value of Resistor
Select Resistor, or
directly write 1K in
resistance
R2 = 1K
Right click on R3 to set
the value of Resistor
Directly write 9K in
resistance
R3 = 9K
Right click on V2 and
V3 to set the dc voltage
V2=V3 = 15 v
Add label regarding
input (vin)
Add label regarding
output (vout)
Right click V1
Select Advanced
Select SINE (V offset Vamp)
Set DC offset and amplitude
Set AC Amplitude
Click OK
Complete Circuit
Observations
Serial No. Frequency (Hz) Vout / Vin
1. 20
2. 50
3. 80
4. 120
5. 159
6. 180
7. 200
Active High pass filter with Amplification
A first-order Active High Pass Filter as
its name implies, attenuates low
frequencies and passes high frequency
signals. It consists simply of a passive
filter section followed by a non-inverting
operational amplifier. The frequency
response of the circuit is the same as that
of the passive filter, except that the
amplitude of the signal is increased by the
gain of the amplifier and for a non-
inverting amplifier the value of the pass
band voltage gain is given as 1 + R2/R1,
the same as for the low pass filter circuit.
Gain of a first order active HPF
Assignment
Serial No. Frequency Vout / Vin
(Hz)
1. 20
2. 50
3. 80
4. 120
5. 159
6. 180
7. 200
Thank You
