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MANUSCRIPT FOR GRAMMARLY

(3).edited

PROMOTING CONSERVATION: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO MANGROVE TREE

CONSERVATION

A Thesis

Presented to

The Thesis Committee

Department of Business Administration Education

UM Tagum College, Tagum City

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In Partial Fulfillment

Of The Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

ALLEMAE M. ENTIC

MARIDELLE P. RONQUILLO

MARJIE GAVE SABITSANA

October 2024

ABSTRACT

Promoting conservation through a sustainable approach to mangrove tree

preservation involves integrating ecological, economic, and community-driven

strategies to ensure long-term environmental health and resilience. On the

other hand, Mango trees in Pantukan, a coastal municipality, play a crucial role

in maintaining the ecological equilibrium in the area. Thus, this study examined

residents' different points of view near the mangrove trees area. The findings

revealed that the residents in Pantukan understand and perceive the mangrove

trees as essential for disaster mitigation (flood), the significance of economic

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value, and the understanding of risk. Moreover, the key factors influencing the

community's attitudes and behaviors are Creating Revenue and Advantages,

Community involvement and collaboration, and Government backing and

regulation. In addition, local stakeholders' collaboration and engagement to

promote and implement sustainable practices for mangrove tree conservation

are Inclusive Planning and Decision Making, Community Oversight and

Surveillance, Implementation of Local Ordinances and Regulations, Building of

Infrastructure and Resource Provision, and Promoting Economic Incentives and

Alternative Livelihoods. Through this study, the researchers can help encourage

conservation that benefits the residents and local government. Furthermore,

this study proposed feasible recommendations on how to promote

conservation and sustainability in the mangrove trees.

Keywords: Tourism Management, Conservation, Sustainable Approach,

Mangrove Trees, Philippines

SDG Indicators: #11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, #13 Climate Action

and #15 Life on Land

Introduction

The biodiversity of the Philippines is incredibly rich in terms of both quantity

and proportion. High endemic rates, varied ecosystems, and geographic

isolation make it one of the 17 nations with the most incredible biodiversity. It

is home to five percent of the approximately 65 species of mangroves found

worldwide and ranks sixth in plant species richness. However, the country's

rich biodiversity, particularly mangroves, is continuing to be depleted as a

result of both anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Examines the existing

and prospective risks to the Philippines' mangroves and the strategies diverse

stakeholders use to mitigate such concerns.

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Furthermore, green tourism—also called ecotourism, sustainable tourism, or

responsible tourism—is a kind of travel that minimizes the detrimental effects

of tourism while promoting social responsibility, cultural preservation, and

environmental conservation (Abbasi, 2023). Another nation that is cited as

having successfully adopted sustainable tourism policies is Costa Rica. Green

tourism is essential because it fosters personal growth, cultural preservation,

economic growth, environmental protection, and climate change mitigation.

Pantukan, a coastal municipality nestled in the southern Philippines, is a region

that epitomizes the pressing need for such solutions. Renowned for its

stunning natural beauty and rich biodiversity, Pantukan is also emblematic of

the threats posed by rampant deforestation, coastal erosion, and climate

change (Garcia et al., 2018).

Mangroves are complex coastal ecosystems found chiefly in tropical and

subtropical climates, where the marine and land habitats converge. Various

salt-tolerant trees, bushes, and other plant species that have adapted to

survive in the harsh salty and tidal conditions of coastal seas make up these

ecologically rich ecosystems. Mangroves are essential to maintaining human

well-being and are intimately connected to several Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) outlined by the United Nations, as well as their remarkable

ecological variety. SDG 13: Climate Action is one of the primary links. Mangroves

store enormous amounts of carbon in their biomass and soil, more per unit

than many terrestrial forests, making them essential carbon sinks. Because it

can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, this capacity is critical to

lessening the effects of climate change. Moreover, defending coastal cities and

communities from climate-related calamities provides natural barriers against

storm surges and increasing sea levels, thereby supporting SDG 11:

Sustainable Cities and Communities (Oliver, 2021).

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Green development offers a comprehensive and coherent explanation of

sustainable development in theory and practice. The notion of sustainability

sits at the heart of the problem of environment and development and the way

governments, businesses, and environmental groups respond to cities (Adams,

2018). Mangroves worldwide, including the world's largest halophytic

population in suburban areas, are under extreme stress due to rising sea levels,

natural catastrophes, climate change, and the growing human population.

Experts advise conserving the mangrove population in light of this concerning

condition. An essential first step in preserving mangrove ecosystems is

mapping mangroves at the species level. This study shows how well some

mangrove species at Lothian Island and Saptamukhi Reserve Forest, which are

situated in the western portion of India's suburban biosphere reserve, can be

identified and mapped using a combination of hyperspectral and multispectral

data from IRS Resource and Hyperion. Using a region-growing technique, the

spectral signature extracted from the Hyperion data was helpful in

extrapolating field samples of different pure pixels belonging to the mangrove

plant species (Mondal et al., 2019).

According to Hammond (2022), mangroves are subject to one of their worst

natural hazards. Storms, including hurricanes, tsunamis, and other natural

calamities, can destroy mangrove habitats. We are committed to recovering

mangroves in the Bahamas for several reasons, including Storm Dorian wiping

off 70% of their mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves save lives since they are a

coastal community's first line of protection against wind and storm surges.

Large tracts of mangrove forests were cleared to create room for coastal

projects before the importance of mangroves was realized. Living in coastal

locations necessitates some language clearing, but there must be a careful

balance between sustainable development and harming the local ecosystem.

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Sustainable development, habitat restoration, and public awareness have

started to stem decreases globally now that we know more about these

keystone trees. Mangroves produce high-quality charcoal because of the

density of their wood. Local inhabitants have used mangrove wood as a source

of cooking fuel in many locations where mangroves are common. Also,

mangroves have not been severely harmed by charcoal gathering when done

sparingly, but widespread industrialization of natural mangrove charcoal has

caused losses in some regions. Most nations have made it illegal to harvest

naturally occurring trees now that we know the value of mangroves.

Coastal communities are becoming more vulnerable to significant storm

occurrences and rising sea levels due to climate change. Mangroves can

withstand salt and are found along protected tropical and subtropical

coastlines. Mangroves, which are found at the interface of land and sea, have

been demonstrated to offer ecosystem services for shore protection, such as

stabilizing sediments, absorbing wave energy, reducing storm winds, lowering

currents, and lessening coastal floods (Das, Guannel, and Temmerman, 2018).

Though many of the defensive advantages of mangrove forests have been well

shown, there currently needs to be more data to determine how storm surges

interact with mangroves, which makes it difficult to properly plan for mangrove

management as part of coastal flood defense measures. Numerous

measurements of storm surge propagation in mangroves demonstrate varying

but positive advantages for coastal protection (Krauss & Montgomery, 2018).

Mangrove wetlands are home to fish, crabs, and other food invertebrates, while

mangrove forests are a significant source of fuelwood, fodder, and lumber. The

food security of coastal people dramatically depends on the fin fish, shellfish,

and other food supplies from mangroves. Mangroves are also used

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insignificantly for harvesting honey, mollusks, medicinal herbs, and shells for

manufacturing lime (Ashton, 2022).

Mangrove forests also provide a home and refuge for many fauna, such as fish,

birds, mammals, insects, and plants. Many sport and commercial fish species,

including redfish, snook, and tarpons, spawn and grow in spawning and nursery

grounds for coastal ecosystems with coastal mangrove shorelines and tree

roots. Mangrove preservation and restoration, for instance, are essential if the

world is to avoid catastrophic global warming. We discuss the incompatibility

between actual mangrove protection and so-called sustainable development

based on a non-systematic study of the literature. The failure of the sustainable

development method to halt environmental deterioration and safeguard

resources for future generations has prompted us to focus on the urgent

adjustments required to prevent environmental and societal collapse, which is

encouraged by the Western economic development paradigm (Ferreira et al.,

2022).

The goal is to achieve resilient and ecologically diversified mangrove

ecosystems; improving our understanding of mangroves' natural recovery and

regeneration processes and the science and practice of mangrove planting is

equally vital. The urgency of studying and promoting a sustainable approach to

mangrove tree conservation in Pantukan is multifaceted, encompassing

ecological, economic, social, and global considerations. The study can address

immediate threats while fostering long-term resilience and sustainability for

the environment and the communities dependent on mangrove ecosystems.

To emphasize the differences or research gaps, it is essential to compare this

study with existing research or initiatives in mangrove conservation. The

mention of promoting conservation suggests a focus on environmental ethics

and values. Differentiating this study involves examining how prominently this

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ideology is emphasized compared to other research. It may explore the

integration of green ideologies into community practices for sustainable

conservation and evaluate if the study discusses the long-term viability of the

proposed sustainable approach.

The following objectives for Promoting Conservation: A Sustainable Approach to

Mangrove tree conservation, local engagement, education and awareness, and

policy and regulation. The initiative seeks to encourage a comprehensive and

long-term approach to mangrove tree conservation in Pantukan, benefiting the

environment and the local communities that rely on these vital ecosystems. In

response to these problems, establishing "Promoting Conservation" presents a

long-term approach to mangrove tree protection in Pantukan. This ground-

breaking initiative is a comprehensive, community-driven plan designed to

balance the urgent needs of the local populace and the preservation of these

delicate ecosystems.

Research Questions:

(1) How do the residents of Pantukan perceive and understand mangrove tree

conservation?

(2) What are the key factors that influenced the community's attitudes and

behaviors toward the sustainable conservation of mangrove trees in Pantukan?

(3) In what aspects do local stakeholders, including government bodies and

environmental organizations, collaborate and engage with the community to

promote and implement sustainable practices for mangrove tree conservation

in Pantukan?

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METHODS

Participants

This form of purposive sampling intentionally selected participants based on

their characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or other criteria (Nikolopoulou,

2023). Moreover, 14 local participants from the Barangay Kingking, Pantukan,

Davao de Oro were chosen for the study to represent the total population: 7 for

in-depth Interviews and 7 for Focus Group Discussions. The following

inclusions were explored in selecting the participants: (a) must be a resident

that lives near mangrove tree areas and (b) must be at least 5 years of resident.

Materials/Instruments

The researchers gathered the data needed in the study by interviewing a tool to

explore the narrative behind a participant's experiences and to pursue in-depth

and focus group discussion on a topic. The researchers conducted two rounds

of interviews that determined the profile of the informants. Moreover, the

interview was composed of open-ended questions, and researchers facilitated

the recording of participant's answers. Interview questions were translated

from English to mother tongue languages for a better understanding, allowing

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the participants to tell their stories in their way. The contents of the research

instrument were presented first to the group of experts for validation. Design

and Procedure

Design and Procedure

The researchers used a qualitative method of investigation to explore the

underlying experiences of Barangay Kingking residents. Qualitative research

design was used to collect and analyze non-numerical data. It distinguishes

itself by embracing diverse approaches and enables researchers to

successfully match them with specific research questions, objectives, and

philosophical foundations (Takona, 2023). Specifically, phenomenology was

selected as the methodology of this study as it allows data to be translated

before a hypothesis is constructed. It analyzes humans' daily experiences while

suspending the researchers' prior notions about the phenomena. In other

words, phenomenology research investigates lived experiences to acquire

further insights into how individuals comprehend such experiences (Alzhami,

2022).

The examiners followed these methods and measures to gather data for the

study to get the panel members' agreement. First, the researchers sent the

validators the qualitative interview guide questionnaire for further comments

and confirmation. Following validation, the researchers wrote a letter

requesting approval to proceed with the study to their adviser. The researchers

obtained approval and ensured each participant signed an informed consent

form before the interview. The researchers conducted the interview, and then

they translated it. Into English, formed and classified the participants'

answers, pertinent comments, and main concepts. Fundamental concepts were

well comprehended and examined to produce emerging ideas that enhanced

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the conversation. Conclusions were drawn based on the data collected, and

proposals were made in response to the study's results.

Result and Discussion

This section presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of the data

acquired, along with a discussion of the participants' perspectives on the study

Promoting Conservation: A Sustainable Approach to Mangrove Trees

Conservation. It determines the initiatives that encourage a comprehensive and

long-term approach to mangrove tree conservation in Pantukan, their

challenges, and experiences, how they respond, and how Pantukan benefits

both the environment and the local communities that rely on these vital

ecosystems.

Moreover, the data gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group

discussions are unveiled, interpreted, and contextualized along with the

researcher's perspectives and substantiated with the existing body of

knowledge. The participants' names were not revealed in detail; instead,

pseudonyms were used to conceal their identities.

Table 1. Profile of the Research Participants

Assumed Named

Gender

Location

Study Group

Angel

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Female

Barangay King-King

IDI 1

Louis

Male

Barangay King-King

IDI 2

Ben

Male

Barangay King-King

IDI 3

Len

Female

Barangay King-King

IDI 4

Eve

Female

Barangay King-King

IDI 5

Marie

Female

Barangay King-King

IDI 6

Win

Male

Barangay King-King

IDI 7

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Jan

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 1

Rey

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 2

Jem

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 3

Cel

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 4

Son

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 5

Woli

Male

Barangay King-King

FGD 6

Mark

Male

Barangay King-King

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FGD 7

Perception and understanding of mangrove tree conservation among the

residents of Pantukan

There were three major themes emerged from the data collected on the

experiences in the study of participants, including (1) Essential Disaster

Mitigation (Flood), (2) Significance of the Economic Value, and (3)

Understanding the Risks as presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Essential Themes and Core Ideas on the Perception and Understanding

of Mangrove Tree Conservation among Pantukan Residents.

Essential Themes

Core Ideas

Essential Disaster Mitigation (Flood)

Mangroves are crucial in flood-prone areas because they act as natural

barriers.

Mangroves prevent flooding by blocking and holding back big waves while

protecting infrastructure.

Mangroves provide crucial protection against typhoons by shielding homes and

safeguarding communities.

Mangroves help prevent flooding from reaching homes. Mangroves defend

against wind, waves, and floods.

Significance to the Economic Value

I am providing as a barrier against disasters, offering crucial protection when

needed.

It provides multiple benefits, including a source of food and income from crabs,

birds, and marine plants.

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Letting the fish lay eggs and thrive significantly benefits the ecosystem.

It is a source of food for the community.

It creates an avenue for the people to have food on their table.

It is crucial because it supports vital marine life, including fish and crabs.

Understanding the Risks

Mangrove is essential for the community as mandated by the governing

authorities. Maintenance involves monitoring and preventing any cutting to be

shared by government projects. The mangroves are vital for our protection, and

our work ensures that we and the environment benefit from their growth. They

monitor and safeguard the mangroves, ensuring they are not cut, as

government restrictions forbid.

Essential Disaster Mitigation (Flood)

The mangrove trees are essential for floods and disasters in the local

community, where the residents state that the mangroves can help protect

their areas through floods and defend against waves. Furthermore, floods will

come into houses when no mangrove trees exist. The participants shared the

following statements.

IDI 2 shared that:

"Kami, ako naka experience na tung time nga nagbaha diri sa amoa, kusog kay

siya so taob man to siya ang current sa tubig nag abot ang taob ug tubig nga tab

ang gikan sab aha, so napugngan sa mangrove nihinay iyang current kay tungod

na stockble man ang tubig kay napugngan man sa mangrove, katong walay

mangrove nga area naanod ilang balay, humok mani anoron ang bon-bon sa

current sa tubig, so kaingun ko nga gamit gyud siya ang mangrove."

(In my experience, when it floods here, the waves are powerful. The current of

water from the sea meets the ordinary flood water. The mangroves help to slow

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the current because the mangroves stop it. When no mangroves are in the area,

the houses drift, so I said they should use mangroves.)

IDI 3 uttered the same thought in IDI 1:

"Balud, usa pud ng balud daku kaynag katabang sa mangrove kay usa pud na

makapugong sa kuan mao na siya'y kuan sa mangrove. Baha-unon pud na diri

daku kaynag tabang sa amoa diri. Mag baha-baha na diria ang tulay dira ra

kutob sa unahan ang kuan ana dili ana dili kasulod ana ang kuan diri."

(For waves, mangroves helped to prevent the big waves. Before, it constantly

gets flooded here; however, now it does not. The bridge floods there, and the

water will not come near here because the mangroves can hold the water.)

IDI 4 said that:

"Makatabang siya ug dako siyag tabang sa kanag magbagyo dili kaayo siya

mukuan ang hangin sa amoang balay kay kay tungod aning mangrove daku

siyag matabang mao gyud na siya."

(Truly helpful to prevent typhoons; strong wind cannot disturb our house

because of the mangroves. It is beneficial.)

IDI 5 mentioned that:

"Aw kana siya, kuan mana siya depensa na siay sa balud muanhi diri, hangin

balud, baha mao na siya ang kuan depensa."

(This is the defense for waves that are moving here. It is a defense for waves

flooding.)

FGD 5 said that:

"Makatabang siya kay sauna wala paman nay mangroves unya ang kuan gani sa

dagat balod muabot diri."

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(It can help because there were no mangroves before that, so floods reached

our houses.)

FGD 6 stated that:

"Dipensa sa balod muanhi diri parihas sa hangin, balod, baha mao na siya ang

kuan depensa."

(It will be protection against the wind, waves, and floods.)

The benefits of protecting people, homes, and businesses from storm surges

are numerous and will only increase as climate change causes extreme weather

events to worsen. The dense development of interconnected mangrove roots

and branches blocks rising water and big waves. They also shield coastal towns

from the damaging effects of storms and tsunamis and aid in controlling floods,

erosion, and water intrusion (Barnes, 2020).

Additionally, mangroves serve as a first line of defense against flooding erosion

and lower waves and storm surges in many tropical and subtropical climates.

These advantages developed from bottom friction, forest cross-shore width,

tree density, and tree structure. Mangrove forests are stored in their aerial

roots, which reduces erosion and stabilizes intertidal soil (Menendez, 2020).

Significance to the Economic Value

Some of the local people consider the mangrove trees their source of food

because they provide fish and crabs. In addition, they can also earn income

because of the various species and marine plants. The participants shared the

following statements.

IDI 1 said that:

"Sa akoa, akoang concern murag dako man gud siya ug matabang diri sa atoa

bahin sa environment kay simbako lang, naa siyay makuan gyud dayun, ahm

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unsay tawag ani, matabunan ta basta mga kuan barrier, kana lang."

(For me, it is a big help for us regarding our environment; just in case of

disasters, it will serve as a barrier, and that is all.)

IDI 2 stated that:

"Daghan pud siya kay diri man pud ka pwede makakuhag mga source of

food,income kay nay mga alimango, nay mga ibat ibang lahi ng mga ibon tapos

mga halamang dagat."

(It has plenty because you can also source food here and earn income because

there are crabs, various species of birds, and marine plants.)

IDI 3 shared that:

"Among gigamit diha wala mi giunsa nga gait amo lang ginabanatayan na siya

para mangitlog nga isda diha ginabantayan namu nga dili panguhaon sa mga

tao kay usa pud na makakuan daku raba nag matabang."

(We do not take any action; we take care so the fish will lay eggs here and watch

it over so people will not catch it since it is a huge help.)

IDI 7 uttered that:

"Syempre kami wala mi kaayo naka benipesyo ana ang amoa lang mga silingan

direa kay kanang manguha silag alimago ug isda."

(Of course, we did not benefit much from that; only our neighbors here have an

advantage because they gather crabs and fish.)

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FGD 1 shared the same thought in IDI 7:

"Iya kuan pud maam naa na mga isda , mga alimango."

(Their contribution, ma'am, is that they can give fish and crabs.)

FGD 5 shared the same thought in ID 7 and FGD 1 that:

"Importansiya gyud kayo siya day kay naa siyay mga isda , unya mga alimango."

(It is essential because it has fish and crabs.)

Mangrove forests in coastal regions are abundant in various resources that

sustain the lifestyles of those who live in and around them. These forests also

serve as a home to fish, crabs, and other edible invertebrates, all essential to

the populations' eating ability. Mangroves provide coastal communities with

economic opportunities through fishing, but other sources of income, such as

horticulture, beekeeping, and ecotourism, should also be included. In this

manner, local livelihood options may be broadened to support local livelihoods

and minimize their dependency on forest resources for managing, conserving,

and protecting mangrove resources (Das, 2022).

Furthermore, many of our precious seafood resources are derived from

mangroves. In the vicinity of mangrove forests and within 10 meters of sea

level, almost 200 million people live. Mangroves benefit many of them in terms

of food sources and business ventures. This is especially true for

underprivileged and marginalized groups whose livelihoods rely on abundant

mangrove forests. The variety of seafood includes fish, crabs, shrimp, oysters,

snails, and octopus, among other species. Manu of these species live

permanently in the mangroves and can be gathered there (Philips, 2017).

Understanding the Risks

Until the Mangrove expands, the locals will keep an eye on it, and they will not

let everyone take down trees as it is against the government. If someone is

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detected chopping trees, the DENR will call them to confront their

transgression. Furthermore, they are the ones who stand to gain from it, and it

is their protection. The participants distributed the following declarations.

IDI 1 explained that:

"Wala man pud mi gi edukar sa pagtanom ani, wala man mi gi edukar. Ginatan-

aw lang namo unsa siya modako, niya gina pruning man pud ni among

gipruningan, gipatay namo tong mga na awngan, pariha ani, dili mani mangrove

maglisog mig putol ani kay makalaban man namo ang DENR ug amo pud ning

putlon dako pud ni siya, daghan pud ug ma apektuhan amo lang tong ginaputol

tong mga wala nagyud, wala nagyud siya nakatubo, wala nay chance nga

modako siya para makadako pud tong uban kay dug-ol namn siya pagkatanom

gud, dug-ol na kayo siya."

(They did not teach us how to plant this. We watch it grow; we prune it. Even

though there is a tree that is not Mangrove, it is hard for us to cut it because the

DENR might get angry; cutting this humongous tree can affect us. We just cut

the trees that did not grow so that other trees would grow because they were

planted near each other.)

IDI 5 said that:

"Maintenance lang, tabang lang ug bantay para dili maputol bawal mana

putlan, bawal na siya gobyerno baya na nga project."

(For maintenance only, I help by watching it so it will not cut off; it is not allowed

to cut; it is a government project.)

IDI 6 shared that:

"Giatiman pud jud namo na, hantud na siya nidako, pero kanang pag atiman

namo ana bali kuan man gud na gobyerno, gibayran pud mi. Ang pagtanom

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namo gibayran mi, ang pag atiman, gibayran pud mi. Bali naa lay silay kutob sa

bulan kung asa mi kutob mag atiman, oo, pero sa pag kakaron gi protektahan

man jud na, kay di pud na sya basta basta pamutlon kay prteksyon man oud

namo na dinhi, oo, kami pud maka benepisyo anang mangroves."

(We take care of it until the Mangrove grows bigger. It is from the government;

they pay us to take care of it. They pay us to plant and take care of it. There is a

schedule for when we will take care of it. However, for now, we protect it. It is

not easy to cut it since it is for our protection. We are the ones who benefit the

Mangrove.)

FGD 6 said that:

"Kuan lang tabang lang bantay, kinahanglan dili ipaputol kay bawal mana sa

gobyerno."

(We will only assist in keeping an eye on it; as it is forbidden by

the state.)

International agreements, protected areas, integrated policies and planning,

reform of government institutions, capacity development, and environmental

education are currently being used to address mangrove conservation,

restoration, and rehabilitation. However, for the Success of Mangrove

biodiversity Conservation policies, local people must be included in all stages

of mangrove planning and maintenance, as well as the consideration of

livelihoods. Only then can Mangrove biodiversity be sustained for future

generations (Ashton, 2022).

It is frequently more efficient to preserve existing mangrove forests rather than

establish new ones. Once planting is decided upon, it is essential to distinguish

between afforestation, rehabilitation, restoration, and replanting in degraded

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and non-degraded areas. Incorporating local communities into managing

mangroves is a practical approach to preserve and improve the protective role

of the mangrove forest while also giving locals a means of subsistence and

improving the governance and assessment of natural resources. Planning and

managing conservation efforts more effectively requires an evaluation of the

condition of mangrove forests (Schmitt & Duke, 2023).

Key factors that influence the community's attitudes and behaviors toward

sustainable conservation of mangrove trees

Three major themes emerged from the data collected on the experiences in the

study of participants, namely: (1) Create revenue and advantages, (2)

Community involvement and collaboration, and (3) Government backing and

regulations, as presented in Table 2.

Table 3. Essential Themes and Core ideas on the key factors that influenced the

community's attitudes and behaviors towards sustainable conservation of

mangrove trees in Pantukan.

Essential Themes

Core Ideas

Create Revenue and Advantages

Planting seedlings not only allows them to grow but also provides an

opportunity to sell and earn income.

Catching, selling crabs, and expanding the mangroves through planting and

propagation provide income.

The cost of seedlings has increased significantly over time, and the fruit of the

mangroves can grow new seedlings.

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There is income from taking good care of the seedlings.

The government helps sustain the income of the residents.

The government gives the honorarium as a share

There is money and income in the seedlings

The residents' livelihood is from selling fish and crabs.

Community involvement and collaboration

Planting mangroves is a way of environmental conservation and resource

management.

The benefits of mangroves are evident in the partnership of volunteerism

. A monthly clean-up drive is implemented in the barangay.

Association Riders Club works together to plant mangroves.

Other sectors help to apply clean-up drives. The officials are working for the

mangrove plantation.

Also, the government is paying. Religious groups participated in the tree

planting, specifically in the mangroves.

Government backing and regulations

Government backing and regulations

The DENR promotes environmental conservation through mangrove planting.

The BFAR participated in the tree planting.

The residents are responsible for safeguarding and caring for the mangroves

planted nearby. The Department of Agriculture promotes the welfare and

safeguarding of the mangroves.

Create revenue and advantages.

The residents claim that planting mangrove trees can generate income by

selling seedlings, crabs, and fish to the DENR. They were paid by taking care of

the mangroves. Additionally, they catch fish and crabs for consumption.

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Creating revenue is not just about economic gain; it is about building the

capacity to achieve long-term goals, foster innovation, and enhance the well-

being of businesses, communities, and society. The ability to generate and

wisely manage revenue is crucial in unlocking many advantages contributing to

sustainable success. The participants shared the following statements.

IDI 1 said that:

"Sa pagtanom sa iyang seedlings kay mabaligya mana, mabaligya manang

seedlings kay ato naman pud itanom, maka kwarta ko ana dako kaayong tabang

sa baha, sa bagyo sa mga unsang kalamidad diha sa dagat dako kayo siyag

tabang"

(In planting it is seedlings because it can be sold,those seedlings can be sold

because we can also plant them, I can earn from that. It is very helpful, you

know, during storms, during any calamities there in the sea, it is a huge help.)

IDI 2 shared that:

"Ako wala man ko kakuhag benepisyo sa pangwarta ani, pero sa akong Nakita

lang diri sa uban makakwarta gyud sila kay kadagabie manulo sila baligya silag

tag 500 ang kilo to 400 ang kilo niya aside ana nagatanom pud sila naa man po'y

naga similiya para mo expand ang mangroves ba"

(I do not personally benefit financially from this, but from what I have seen,

others can earn because at night they sell it for 500 pesos per kilo or 400 pesos

per kilo. Aside from that, also plant and there are those who propagate to

expand the mangroves.)

IDI 3 explained that:

"Ang bunga ana pwede na buhaton ug semilya unya pwede pud na paliton na sa

DENR pud mao ng ibaligya pud na siya mao na kasagaran ang uban ana

nanguha para e-seedling nila mao ng ibaligya pud ara managhan ang mangrove.

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Mahal na kay akong nahibal-an sauna kaniadto pa tag na tag 7 pesos ang usa

ka punuan ana unya karun unsa naman ron tuiga na."

(As for the fruit, it can be used as a seedling and it can also be bought at the

DENR. So, that can be sold, which is mostly what others do; they get it to make

it into seedlings. That is why they also sell it for the mangrove area. It is

expensive because I know seven pesos per each of those plants before, but

now, what is it? It is another year.)

IDI 4 uttered that:

"Sa akoa lang, naa man tay time diba? Naa man tay time, bisan maglingkod

lingcod ta pamuniton to nato iyang seedlings ug itanom pud nato kay mabaligya

mana, makakwarta man pud ta dako managtabang pud sa atoa."

(You know, we have time. We can spend some time caring for those seedlings

and plant them because they can be sold and earn money, which can also help

us a lot.)

IDI 6 stated that:

"Sa pagsugod, nakakwarta mi kay gibayaran man mi sa gobyerno hantud sa gi

atiman namo syag tulo ka bulan man yata mi nag atiman ana may gibayaran

man mi."

(At the start, we earned because the government paid us until we took care of it

for about three months.

IDI 7 shared the same thought as IDI 6:

"Oo, mao to murag gitagaan mi ba sa amoang kahagu. Naa siya'y panimuhod ba

murag honorarium ragud unya kuan sad mi ato murag sa kabahinan namo na

nananom diha."

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(Yes, we were given our share. There is an honorarium, and we also planted in

our designated area there among our share.)

FGD 6 said that:

"Makakwarta mi ana."

(We can earn money from it)

FGD 7 shared the same thought in IDI 2 that:

"Nakabenepisyo na sila kay naa ma"y mga alimango, manulo na sila diha para

makaon."

(They have already benefited because there are crabs, and they catch fish there

to eat.)

Frequently, an entity's gross proceeds are its revenue. It measures an entity's

operations solely regarding its revenue component. All of the money a business

has made is referred to as revenue. Moreover, the organization's money comes

from sales revenues. In addition to gifts from individuals, foundations, and

corporations, it constitutes elements including membership dues, investments,

and grants from governmental entities. Nonprofits can acquire revenue from

fundraising events and unsolicited donations (Hochard, 2021).

Furthermore, mangroves offer substantial economic advantages to people.

Their importance in providing fuelwood, lumber, and feed helps coastal

communities sustain their way of life. Fish, crabs, and other edible

invertebrates are also found in mangrove wetlands, and these species are

essential to the food security of these communities (Hochard, 2021).

Community Involvement and Collaboration

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Community involvement and collaboration are critical components for the

success of any effort, especially in areas that necessitate communal action

and shared responsibility, such as environmental conservation, public health,

and social development. Many residents are responsible in the local

community and participate in planting and cleaning their environment.

Different organizations spend time helping the community. Communities work

together toward common goals; they build stronger social bonds and create a

foundation for long-term resilience and adaptability. The participants shared

the following statements.

IDI 1 shared that:

"Sa akoang pag-atiman kay gi baging, ato siyang itanom, ato siyang gamiton sa

pagtarong kung unsaon nato siya pag makatabang jud diri sa atoa."

(I took care of it by bagging and planting it, and will use them properly; it can

help us)

IDI 3 explained that:

"Kami naa gyud mi organisayon diria nga team mangrove, ako ni silang

gipahibalo ug unsay gamit sa kuan aning mangroves, unsay maayo. Naga

volunteer mi, naga clean up drive mao na among ginabuhat, unya ang

pagbadlong sa mga naay mamutol ako may nagabadlong diria ug nay mamutol."

(We have an organization here in Mangrove; I tell them the benefits of

mangroves. We volunteered to have a clean-up drive and warn if someone will

cut trees; if someone will cut down trees, I am the one who will warn.)

IDI 4 said that:

"Usahay kuan kanang taga Barangay. Kami taga barangay. Naga-trabaho

mankog barangay no. Kami taga barangay naa

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mi bulan nga amoang limpyuhan namo diria. Limpyuhan namo amoa manang

kuanon ba pati mga basura among pangwaon."

(Sometimes,those from the barangay. We are from the barangay. It is our

barangay's work. We are from the barangay. We have months to clean up here.

We will clean up our place and pick up garbage's.)

IDI 5 shared the same thought in IDI 3:

"Katung kapunungan namu sa Pantukan riders club mao to pagtanum namu

ana, murag bayanihan kauban sa kuan mga tao ni governor."

(We have an association riders club in Pantukan; that is when we planted it

together with the governor's people.)

IDI 6 shared the same thought in IDI 3 and IDI 5:

"Naa mi clean-up drive jud diri, murag karon na year wala pami kay murag

intrada sa tuig naa ju'y clean-up drive mahitabo. Dili lang na siya every year kay

kanang naa man gyo'y time na naay laing sector musulod na ug kuan silag

clean-up drive, una jud mi na mukuan ma adopt sa clean-up drive kay BHW man

mi, gina top man jud mi. Dili lang pud mi BHW nahimo napud kong purok

kagawad mao ng naa najud mi, makahibalo jud ko unsay kuan diha kay kami

man una gina top."

(We have a clean-up drive here; we do not have one this year. This happens not

every year because there was a time when other sectors came here, and They

were the ones who cleaned up; we are the ones who can adopt the clean-up

drive because I am a BHW (Barangay et al.), not just BHW. I was also a Purok

Counselor. I will know what is happening because we are the first ones they will

approach.)

IDI 7 shared that:

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"Kuan jud siya bantayan mao na ang impormasyon unya gina kuan pud namo

diri kay naa man mi officials diri sa mangrove kay permirong pananom ana

kami, kami jud ana. Gisuholan pud mi sa gobyerno pud ananaa poy mga officials

nagbantay diha."

(We should take good care of it; we have officials here in Mangrove. We are the

first ones who planted. The government pays us; they are also an official who

looks after it.)

FGD 4 uttered that:

"Mga kuan Iglesia last dira tree planting to."

(The Iglesia (church group) recently did tree planting there.)

A key component of creating vibrant and strong communities is cooperation.

Collaborations bring together people, organizations, and institutions to tackle

urgent social, economic, and environmental concerns and work toward shared

goals in local neighborhoods and worldwide networks. Mutual respect, shared

values, and openness in decision-making all contribute to developing trust.

Establishing communication channels at the outset of cooperation is crucial,

as is communicating updates and feedback frequently to keep everyone in the

loop (Growzilla, 2024).

Furthermore, community-based collaboration necessitates a shared

commitment to decision-making and distributing financial, material, and

human resources. "social and community participation" describes people's

active engagement in their local communities and the larger society. It includes

various activities like volunteering, attending neighborhood events, joining

group organizations, socializing with other residents, and socializing with other

residents and neighbors. When people work well together, win-win scenarios

arise (Scope, 2023).

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Government backing and regulations

Government backing and regulations Government support and regulations are

critical in shaping and guiding the success of many programs, particularly

those involving economic development, public welfare, and environmental

preservation. Environmental regulations may require the preservation of

natural resources. The government actively supports the local community by

providing seedlings and income for locals. Furthermore, they have imposed

regulations to protect mangrove trees, and anyone who destroys a tree will face

consequences. They provide the structure, resources, and monitoring required

to guarantee that initiates succeed and align with more significant societal

objectives. The participants shared the following statements.

IDI 1 shared that:

"Wala lang ginatan-aw lang namo unsa siya modako, niya gina pruning man pud

ni among gipruningan, gipatay namo tong mga na awngan, pariha ani, dili mani

mangrove maglisog mi'g putol ani kay makalaban man namo ang DENR ug amo

pud ning putlon dako pud ni siya, daghan pud ug ma apektuhan amo lang tong

ginaputol tong mga wala nagyud, wala nagyud siya nakatubo, wala nay chance

nga modako siya para makadako pud tong uban kay dug ol namn siya

pagkatanom gud, dug ol na kayo siya."

(I did nothing; we just watched it grow and pruned it. Even though there's a tree

that is not Mangrove, it is hard for us to cut it because the DENR might get

angry; cutting this huge tree can affect us. We just cut the trees that didn't grow

so that other trees would grow because they were planted near each other.)

IDI 3 said that:

"Pag seminar, wala mi nakaseminar ana day, kay ditso manko dangup ang BFAR

gud sa amoa diha patamnan pud namu na siya."

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(We did not have a seminar because the BPAR approached us to plant there.)

IDI 4 explained that:

"Kanang mga gikan sa barangay moingon nga ilang kuan nga dili jud dapat ang

diri sa amoa kami duol sa mga mangrove gagmay pani sauna atimanon gyud

namo kay makatabang man gihapon kay inig naay makita naay moibot sailang

gipangtanum naa gyu'y multa.

(The people from the barangay say that the residents who live near the

mangrove trees should look after the tree since it is small; it can help us.

Anyone seen cutting the mangrove trees will pay the fine.)

IDI 5 shared that:

"Ang gikuan jud sa gobyerno kay gihatag na siya sa na murag livelihood man

gud to siya sa pagpananom sa mga mananagat jud na siya na project. Unang

una akong bana man nahimong presidente sa mananagat kay naa man silay

association diri.

(The government provided was like a livelihood because it was a livelihood for

planting, specifically for the fishermen, as it was a project for the fishermen

because my husband was once the president of the fishermen's association

here.)

IDI 6 uttered that:

"Unang una pagtanom palang daan ana gipahibalo nami ug unsay dapat

buhaton, explainan nami daan sa taga DA na unsaon siya pag atiman, unsaon

sya pag kuan mulambo, dili sya dapat abusuhon pud."

(Firstly, we are taught by the DA (Department of Agriculture) what we are going

to do, how to take care of it, how to make it grow, and how it should not be

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abused.)

The primary purpose of regulation is to reduce the adverse effects that may

arise without market constraints. For example, firms may dispose of harmful

materials in quantities that could endanger human and environmental health

without legislation about waste discharge. Businesses can benefit government

from financial, advisory, and other assistance from the government. By drafting

and upholding regulations about workplace safety, consumer protection, and

other topics, it can also act as a friend to the general public (Hayes, 2024).

The government's activities and policies to support and encourage different

economic sectors, including business, innovation, environmental preservation,

and sustainable development, are referred to as government assistance. It is

viewed as a way to boost corporate attention, achieve economic objectives,

encourage investment, and increase the competitiveness of business (Sun,

2021).

Local stakeholders' collaboration and engagement with the community to

promote and implement sustainable practices for mangrove tree conservation

From the data collected using the above question, five essential themes came

out from the responses shown in Table 3. (1) Inclusive Planning and Decision-

making, (2) Community Oversight and Surveillance, (3) Implementation of Local

Ordinances and Regulations, (4) Building of Infrastructure and Resource

Provision (5) Promoting Economic Incentives and Alternative Livelihoods.

Table 4. Essential themes and Core Ideas on the local stakeholders, including

government bodies and environmental organizations, collaborate and engage

with the community to promote and implement sustainable practices for

mangrove tree conservation.

Essential Themes

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Core Ideas

Inclusive planning and decision-making

Protecting our environment by requesting support for mangrove planting,

organizing clean-up drives, and implementing waste segregation laws to

address pollution near our river.

Community-wide effort in environmental conservation, with children, students,

and local leaders actively participating in tree planting and shoreline clean-up.

Active leadership in environmental stewardship, with the barangay captain and

councilors hands-on in shoreline clean-up efforts.

Community readiness for environmental education and ongoing dedication to

long-standing clean-up initiatives.

Community oversight and surveillance

Strict adherence to environmental regulations by community leaders' authority

to report infractions.

The barangay actively manages and monitors the situation, while the

community is vigilant in reporting unlawful activity.

Community-enforced accountability, with the barangay responding quickly to

and mitigating unlawful tree-cutting occurrences.

Leaders, police enforcement, students, and community organizations actively

participated in mangrove planting, demonstrating widespread support for

environmental protection.

Consistent devotion to cleanliness demonstrated by frequent clean-up efforts.

Implementation of Local Ordinances and Regulations

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Strict prohibition on cutting and a strong emphasis on cleanliness is essential

for maintaining the area's health and benefits.

Constructing houses behind the mangroves is prohibited to support the

replanting efforts, with a strict ban on cutting in place.

Cutting is strictly prohibited, with serious legal consequences for those who

violate the rule.

Cutting is strictly prohibited to prevent abuse and to ensure protection, with

clear explanations provided about its importance.

Cutting mangroves is heavily regulated, with strict penalties for violations, and

the policies emphasize allowing mangroves to mature before any cutting is

permitted.

Both cutting and littering are prohibited to prevent pollution and protect the

health of aquatic life.

Building of Infrastructure and Resource Provision

The government plans to develop a bay walk for recreational use and economic

benefit, including opportunities for fishing.

Build a protective wall and plant crab seeds to generate a communal revenue

source, similar to successful programs in other locations, with plans to grow

and use the space efficiently.

The current government has plans for implementation and ongoing mangrove

conservation and welfare projects. The seawall is beneficial for the Mangrove.

The mangroves are considered a tourist destination. Mangroves are a source of

student attraction.

Promoting Economic Incentives and Alternative Livelihoods

Financial support and rewards are encouraged for those involved in mangrove

planting and seedling planting, which is beneficial for the community and the

environment.

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The government, through BFAR, initially funded a mangrove planting project as

a livelihood opportunity for fishermen, with payments provided for the first

three months.

The community was the first to plant mangroves, with government officials

overseeing the project and providing payment for their efforts.

Inclusive planning and decision-making

Neighborhoods use participatory planning approaches, in which community

members actively participate in discussions, problem identification, and

solution formulation. It ensures that the plans represent the needs and

ambitions of those directly affected; local communities can play an essential

part in creating decisions that influence their lives, resulting in more inclusive,

effective, and long-term outcomes. The participants shared the following

statements.

IDI 2 explained that:

"Naa sila'y gi assign diri nga tao nga nagbantay pud sa mangrove pero na wala

namn pud to siya, mao na among girequest ron na dapat nga nay tawo ma-

assign ani diri niya nagahatag pud silag similiya sa mangrove, naga clean-up

drive, karon naa mi mga plano na sa pagkuan ani segregate sa mga basura

halos dili mani amoa sab ana raman ni kay duol man gyud mi'g sapa so mao na

among plano ang makakuan mig balaod nga about sa segregation sa mga

basura, din pareha ani nagsangit sangit mahulog man gyud siyag filter kay diri

man muagi ang tubig nasangit ang mga basura, mahulog nga kami ang

responsibilidad ani diria."

(A person was assigned here to watch over the mangroves, but that person is no

longer around. That is why we now request that someone be assigned here to

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provide mangrove seedlings and conduct clean-up drives. We also have plans to

segregate waste because we are located near a river, and it is not entirely our

waste. So, we plan to implement a law about waste segregation.)

IDI 4 said that:

"Ang mga kuan ana kay mga bata man didto naay nananom pud mga bata mga

estudyante kana dihaa ang nag tiwas dihaa estudyante man highschool ug

elementary unya didto napud elementary unya naay taga munisipyo nagtanum

pud. "

(The children over there are also planting trees. The high school and elementary

students are participating in tree-planting activities. In addition, elementary

students and someone from the municipality office are also planting.)

IDI 5 shared that:

"Active uy kay pati among kuan kapitan moapil man siyag atiman, moapil siyag

panguha sa mga basura mga kuan sa baybay muadto sila apil ang kapitan,

konsehal ug kami pud."

(The barangay captain is very active because he participates in taking care of

the area. He helps collect the garbage along the shore, and he also goes there

with the councilors and us.)

FGD 4 stated that:

"Clean up drive, naga clean up drive na sila since elementary ko ga clean up

drive na sila mao na ilang ginahatag na programa, tas sa DENR na dili putlon."

(Clean-up drive: They have been conducting clean-up drives since I was in

elementary school. That is the program they have been implementing. The

DENR also prohibits cutting down trees.)

Queiroz et al. 2019, examined these locally regarded mangrove services in

connection to community livelihoods and discovered that locals recognized

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four other cultural services: the preservation of Traditional Ecological

Knowledge (TEK), the formation and maintenance of social ties, personal

fulfillment, and mental and physical relaxation. This indicates that villagers

have a symbolic connection to the mangrove forest that goes beyond the

material method commonly used to measure ecological benefits.

Similarly, Ocean and Coastal Management 2019 discovered that mangrove

forest cover and biodiversity in Southeast Asia have fallen drastically in recent

years despite intensive conservation measures underway. Identifying and

analyzing biodiversity conservation discourses allows us to better understand

stakeholder views (including normative values and socially constructed

attitudes) on biodiversity conservation in a specific social-ecological system.

Including these perspectives in decision-making processes helps to ensure the

long-term viability of the conservation efforts.

Community oversight and surveillance

Local communities are critical to ensuring that surveillance is conducted in a

manner that respects civil liberties and aligns with community values. Through

engagement, advocacy, education, and legal action, communities can influence

how surveillance technologies are used and ensure that oversight mechanisms

are in place to protect their rights. The following statements were shared by the

participants.

IDI 1 explained that:

"Aktib jud kayo basta mga in-ana, dako gyud kaayong tabang, labi na ang atong

Mayor ug Kapitan diri dapita. Kung mupotol bawal, bawal jud na, bawal, bisag

taga diri kita ang nay katungod na mubadlong, ayaw mo pagkuan na

isumbombong tamo sa DENR, isumbong tamo sa gobyerno."

(When they are active like that, it is beneficial, especially our Mayor and

Captain here. If it is forbidden to cut, it is forbidden, forbidden. Even if you are

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from here, you have the right to report to DENR and the government.)

IDI 3 shared that:

"Kini siya gikuan jud ni siya sa barangay. Gina atiman jud ni siya. Gina survey

gyud ni siya naay usahay way BFAR mo survey diri, usahay may namutol diha

mao tung gireport sa barangay."

(This area is managed by the barangay. They are taking care of it and conducting

surveys. Sometimes, there are BPAR personnel who come to survey here, and

occasionally, people are cutting down trees, which we report to the barangay.)

IDI 5 shared the same thought in IDI 1:

"Kanang muputol, naay manghilabot dira ireport nag baranggay unya ila dayung

kuanon kudakan nimu ang nagputol unya pagkahuman i-report. Ipatawag pud

na nila ang nagputol nga didto na."

(If someone cuts down trees, someone there will intervene and report it to the

barangay, and they will discuss it with you. After reporting it, also summon the

person who cut down the trees. They have a warning, and they will continue to

cut the tree. You are in jail.)

IDI 7 said that:

"Gisuportahan jud nag dako no kay ultimo si governor sauna sila Hon.chongki

sila governor tyron na diri jud sila mukuan sauna na diri jud sila mananom, pnp,

army, student ug pastor inana jud sila kaabtik."

(They supported us a lot because even the governors before, like Hon. Chongkee

and Governor Tyron, used to come here and plant mangroves. The PNP, army,

students, and pastors all participated very actively.)

FGD 1 shared that:

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"Mao ra to, perminte man mi ga clean up drive diri"

(That is, we always conduct clean-up drives here.)

COS-DC (Community Oversight Surveillance) is an extensive collaboration of

local groups and individuals attempting to put a stop to unregulated monitoring

in D.C. neighborhoods by local authorities, including law enforcement, and to

guarantee that the District of Columbia. Residents can decide if, what, and how

surveillance technology is obtained and utilized in the district.

Community surveillance involves citizens using technology, like mobile apps, to

actively monitor and report rule violations. It aims to enhance law enforcement

efficiency and encourage community responsibility, reporting incidents like

traffic violations and cleanliness issues. While offering potential benefits in

safety, it also raises concerns about privacy, misuse, and ethics (Gupta, 2023).

Implementation of Local Ordinances and Regulations

Local communities must be involved in the implementation of rules and

regulations to ensure fairness and effective and sustainable policies. Through

participation, education, advocacy, and collaboration, communities can ensure

that local laws are aligned with their needs and values, leading to better

outcomes for everyone involved. The following statements were shared by the

participants.

IDI 2 said that:

"Bawal jud na magbuhat ug balay sa likod aning mangrove kay para makatanom

pami mangrove napud niya pagbawal sa pagputol"

(It is really not allowed to build a house behind this mangrove because we want

to plant mangroves again, so they banned cutting down.)

IDI 5 stated that:

"Bawal magputol, kuan ma preso ka ug sigihon nimug kuan preso jud ka."

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(It is prohibited to cut trees; if caught, you could end up in jail, and if you

persist, you will end up in jail.)

IDI 6 shared the same thought as IDI 5:

"Unang una mao ra jud to ilang ingon sa amoa na bawal jud sya putlon ug dapat

jud sya atimanon kay para dili sya maabuso ug gahatag syag proteksyon sa

amoa diri. Mao nang usa sa gi explain sa amoa diri na dili pamutlon ug

atimanon jud sya."

(Firstly, that is precisely what they told us, that cutting it is really prohibited

and it should really be taken care of because it would not be abused, and it

gives protection to us here. That is one of the explanations we received here

that it should not be cut and should be taken care of.)

IDI 7 explained that:

"Ang mga polisiya jud silang gihatag sa gagmay pa na dili jud na pamutlon

hantud managko na hangtud sa pasagdan rajud sya na managko naa poy

mangahoy amo jung ginabadlong kay dako siyag penalty, naa jud syay penalty

pag kuputol sa mangroves."

(The policies they give to the little ones should not be cut until they reach

maturity until they allow it to be cut; that is the warning we give because it

carries a significant penalty, it has a penalty for cutting mangroves.)

FGD 2 shared that:

"Ang basura, pwede basura na bawal maglabay ug basura. Mao rajud nay gi

kuan sa bawal magputol ug bawal labayan ug basura, gituyo na nila aron dili

mag dasok ang mga isda, dili hugaw"

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(The trash that is prohibited to throw trash. That is really what they said,

prohibited to cut and prohibited to throw trash, their intention is so that the

fish would not get sick, cannot be dirty.)

The mangrove ecosystems, which give several benefits to local communities,

are vulnerable to both natural and human-caused hazards. Existing Philippine

policies and decision-makers are working to integrate physical, ecological, and

social components into ecosystem management.

Furthermore, mangrove forests provide regulatory services (to varied degrees

and restrictions against natural dangers such as storm surges caused by

typhoons. Although mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide a

variety of ecosystem services that benefit local people and national economies,

they are also among the most vulnerable.

Building of Infrastructure and Resource Provision

Building infrastructure and supplying resources in coastal communities poses

distinct problems and opportunities. Coastal locations are frequently

economically significant due to their proximity to maritime trade, tourism, and

natural resources; nevertheless, they are also prone to environmental threats

such as erosion, increasing sea levels, and extreme weather events. The

following statements were shared by the participants.

IDI 1 explained that:

"Unya ang plano pud ani sa gobyerno kay butangan ug bay walk para mahimo

siya nga laagan ug ma kwartahan pod siya kay naa may mga isda nga pwedi ka

kuhaan ug pangwarta."

(The government plans to establish a bay walk so it can be used for leisure and

can also be monetized because there are fish that you can catch and use to

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earn money.)

IDI 2 said that:

"Ang plano gyud ani kay butangan gud siya ug wall niya hulugan ug similya,

similya like sa alimango, unsay dapat mabutang diri, para magamit jud sa

komunidad, murag source of income, murag pariha sa kining diri sa tagum gani,

bingkungan daghan nag nagabaligyag alimango, mao na ang mga plano, buhat

ug portal, sa karun nga kuan project wala panamo na gibuhat, mao ilang plano,

niya nagkasinabot pud diri, himuon namo siyag murag , para magamit pud siya

sayang man pud."

(The plan here is really to build a wall around it and plant seeds, seeds like crab,

what should be put here, so it can be used by the community, like a source of

income, like in Tagum, many are selling crabs, that is the plan, make a portal, in

this current project we have not yet done. That is their plan, then understood

here, will make it seem like it can be used.)

IDI 2 stated that:

"Sa karun na time bag-o na ang gobyerno naa na silay plano pero dili pa nila dili

pa sila ka penetrate kay naa pamay nag una nga project, kanang baywalk kay

last nana siya nga plano nga kung unsay development maapil najud na siya sa

imong ginaingun nga ilang participation nga dapat maka benepesiyo jud ang

local nga taga diri, mao na ilang target nga kadtong mga walay trabaho, himuon

to siya iorganize, tigtanom sa mga mangrove, tig maintain, tigbantay, silay

maglawg sa mga ibutang dihaa na similya, kay gibuhat nmn gud na didto sa

pikas, ang mga local didtoa tagaag similya silay muatiman, gisupportahan jud

sila, sila rapoy moharvest plus maka income pud sila."

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(Now, with the current government, they have plans, but they have not

penetrated yet because there are already ongoing projects. The bay walk was

the last plan included in what you are saying; their participation should benefit

the idle locals, organizing the mangrove planting, maintenance, and guard; the

stores will sell the seeds there because of the said work of the locals taking

care, supporting them, harvesting them, and they can also have an income.)

IDI 7 shared the same thought in IDI 1 that:

"Parehas anang ron na gibuhatan manag seawall diha sa amka karon, siyempre

makuhaan jud na amoa"

(Both of them are constructing a seawall there right now, although it will really

benefit us)

FGD 3 stated the same thought in IDI 1 and IDI 7 that:

"Himuog tourist spot ba, edevelop na nila puhon himuan nilag turismo diha.

Like kuan coastal road, himuan nilag tulay2, buhatan nilag payag pang date

date."

(They will make it a tourist spot, and they will develop it soon to make it a

tourist destination. They will make a coastal road, build bridges, and set up

huts for dates.)

FGD 5 shared that:

"Dili mawala ang date diha oy kay estudyante man, magamit jud na siya puhon

sa mga estudyante."

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(Dating there would not be lost because it is a student; it can be used as a

reference by students for attractions.)

Coastal ecosystems are changing dramatically several reasons contribute to

this, like poor upstream agricultural and extractive sector practices,

urbanization, overexploitation of resources, expanding sprawl of coastal

infrastructure, and challenges posed by climate change (Addo, 2020).

Furthermore, continuous development along our coast needs to be balanced

across numerous competing uses to maintain the ecological, economic, and

social viability of our space-constrained coastal habitats. The full range of

economic, social, cultural, and environmental benefits connected with coastal

ecosystems must be balanced by long-term collaborations and proactive

management from the public, private, and community sectors and reinforced by

innovation and research (Addo, 2020).

Promoting Economic Incentives and Alternative Livelihood

Promoting economic incentives and alternative livelihoods in coastal areas is

critical to ensure the region's long-term growth while protecting its unique

ecosystems. Coastal communities sometimes rely significantly on natural

resources like fishing, tourism, and agriculture, which are susceptible to

environmental change, overexploitation, and economic instability. The following

statements were shared by the participants.

IDI 5 stated that:

"Mao gani ug mananom ta ug seedlings kay sila ang mupalit sa atong seedling,

dako naman kayo nag tabang gud sa atoa , mananom ta ug seedling kay ang

seedling libre raman, naa raman sa bakawan libre ato ng tiyagaon ug tanom kay

ang gobyerno paliton."

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(Why don't we plant seedlings? They are the ones who will buy our seedlings,

which will greatly help us. Let us plant seedlings because the seedlings are free

from the Mangrove, and it's free to be patient and plant them because the

government will buy them.)

IDI 6 shared that:

"Dapat man gud naa mi project ana sa BFAR dinhi na butangan unta sya ug

livelihood kanang usa sa gi project sa BFAR kanang alimango kay kuno ang

mangroves diha magpuyo ang alimango."

(I think. Firstly, in BFAR, that is how it was; we had to have a project in BFAR

where they could put a livelihood. One of BFA's projects was to keep crabs in

the mangroves; these crabs are living in the mangroves)

"Bali sa pag kuan ana ang gikuan jud sa gobyerno kay gihatag na siya sa na

murag livelihood man gud to sya sa pagpananom, sa mga mananagat jud na

siya na project gang para sa mga mananagat kay unang una akong bana man

nahimong presidente sa mananagat kay naa man silay association diri. So

unang una ang gihatag sa BFAR mao jud ang mangroves, mao jud na ilang

gihatag na kuan. Nihatag sila ana na project sa amoa pero ilang giingon

atimanon, bayaran mi kutob sa pagsugod sa pagpananom. Tulo ka bulan

gibayaran pero pag undang nilag bayad giingan napud mi nila na dili lang pud

mi muundang sa pag atiman na unta bisan pag wala na sila nag kuan kami

nalang magpa develop sa kuan, mao ng ginabantayan namo na ang mangroves

dili sila mahilabtan. Ang pag atiman namo voluntary nalang jud."

(Regarding what the government provided, it was like a livelihood because it

was a livelihood for planting, specifically for the fishermen, as it was a project

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for the fishermen because my husband was once the president of the

fishermen's association here. So, what was first provided by BFAR (Bureau of

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources) was indeed mangroves; that is really what

they provided. They gave us that project, but they said we should take care of it;

they would pay us from the beginning of planting. They paid for three months,

but when they stopped paying, they said we should just continue taking care of

it even if they were not involved anymore; we would continue to develop the

planting area. So, we are monitoring the mangroves to ensure they are not

disturbed. Taking care of them is now purely voluntary for us.)

IDI 7 said that:

"Naa man mi officials diri sa mangrove kay permirong pananom ana kami, kami

jud ana. Gisuholan pud mi sa gobyerno pud ana naa po'y mga officials

nagbantay diha."

(We have officials here in Mangrove. We are the first ones who planted. The

government pays us; they are also an official who looks after it.)

The findings of an examination of livelihood initiatives for fishing communities

and households carried out in the Philippines, together with the identification

of key takeaways and elements that may contribute to increased program and

project success and sustainability rates. Although approaches to sustainable

livelihoods have been covered in the literature, relatively little has been written

about the real lessons discovered during the implementation of livelihood

initiatives and programs (Pomeroy, 2017).

Moreover, many coastal development projects that aim to alleviate or reduce

household poverty and protect and maintain marine environments or species

are centered upon livelihood-focused interventions, which aim to improve

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diversity or introduce new livelihood activities. These interventions seek to

improve productivity and/or sustainability of current livelihoods; ii) promote

value-adding or alternative options (Stacey, 2021).

Summary Generates

RQ1. How do the residents of Pantukan perceive and understand mangrove tree

conservation?

RQ2. What are the key factors that influence the community's attitudes and

behaviors toward the sustainable conservation of mangrove trees in Pantukan?

RQ3. In what ways do local stakeholders, including government bodies and

environmental organizations, collaborate and engage with the community to

promote and implement sustainable practices for mangrove tree conservation

in Pantukan?

Essential Disaster Mitigation (Flood)

Creating Revenue and Advantages

Inclusive Planning and Decision Making

Significance of the Economic Value

Community involvement and collaboration

Community Oversight and Surveillance

Understanding the Risk.

Government backing and regulation.

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Implementation of Local Ordinances and Regulations

Building of Infrastructure and Resource Provision

Promoting Economic

Incentives and Alternative Livelihoods.

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Concluding Remarks and Implications

This chapter provides the debate, conclusion, and implications for practice and

future study based on the data analysis topics. This study's objective was

explicitly stated: a sustainable approach to mangrove tree conservation.

Community engagement, education and awareness, and policy and regulation.

A comprehensive and long-term approach to mangrove tree conservation in

Pantukan, benefiting both the environment and the local communities that rely

on these important ecosystems.

The residents' perception of mangrove tree conservation was beneficial in

understanding and exploring the perceptions shared by the participants. In-

depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with the

participants of the study. The participants' answers were utilized to explore

how they experienced and how they managed to conserve mangrove trees in

their community.

There were eleven essential themes generated from the experiences of how the

residents conserve mangrove trees: it is essential for flood and disaster

mitigation, significance of the economic value, understanding the risk, creating

revenue and advantages, community involvement and collaboration,

government backing and regulations, inclusive planning and decision-making,

community oversight and surveillance, implementation of local ordinances and

regulations, building of infrastructure and resource provision and promoting

economic incentives and alternative livelihood.

The residents of Barangay Kingking depend on mangrove trees for the

maintenance of coastal ecosystems because they offer a variety of special and

irreplaceable ecological services, such as acting as natural barriers against

storm surges, supporting rich biodiversity, acting as nurseries for a variety of

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marine species and create revenue and benefits. The protection and restoration

of mangrove forests are not just an environmental concern but also a social and

economic imperative. The sustainable management of these ecosystems can

lead to long-term benefits for both people and the planet. In addition,

mangroves play a major role in carbon sequestration, which helps mitigate

climate change.

Implication for Practice

The results of this study were deemed beneficial to the residents and local

government of Barangay Kingking, Pantukan, as the findings presented

established knowledge and awareness about the mangrove tree conservation

of the residents. Firstly, there is a small area for the mangrove trees, and there

should be a clean-up drive every month to maintain the cleanliness and

preserve the mangrove trees. Therefore, to help the residents that live near the

Mangrove and to help conserve the mangrove ecosystem, there should be

enough area for the Mangrove to grow and to plant more, and it is also

important to have a wide area to have more barriers in any storm surges. Also,

the local government may conduct a clean-up drive to lead and guide

participants to have a clean and peaceful environment.

In addition, mangroves attract ecotourism, providing economic opportunities

for local communities. Effective conservation can enhance the appeal of these

areas for tourists interested in nature and wildlife. Furthermore, conserving

mangrove trees is crucial for maintaining ecological balance, supporting

coastal communities, and contributing to global efforts to combat climate

change. The implications for practice emphasize the need for a

multidisciplinary approach that integrates environmental, social, economic,

and policy considerations.

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Implications for Future Research

This study was limited to fourteen (14) participants through the conduct of in-

depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussions with the selected residents of

Barangay Kingking, Pantukan. It was suggested that more studies be conducted

with participants from many different local communities or other governmental

institutions to further verify the perspectives and insights of the locals and gain

more significant insights about the questions presented in this study.

1
In relation to this, it was suggested that further investigation be carried out to

produce a much more noteworthy and comprehensive outcome. It also

advocated a wider selection of residents and a greater number of participants

to be involved in this noble endeavor.

Finally, the manuscript highlighted the residents' perception of mangrove tree

conservation, stating that it is crucial and helpful when storm surge occurs in

their local area, as stated by the residents' experience.

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1. In relation to → About, To, With, Concerning Wordy sentences Clarity

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