GRID MAINTENANCE CREW TRAINING – 156 Name: Mahum Jamil
Designation: Assistant Manager (M)
500kV Yousafwala Grid Station
Assignment NO. 98
Topic: To perform Capacitance and Dissipation FactorTransformer turn Ratio
(TTR) of Transformer Winding
C & DFTransformer Turn Ratio Test :
This test is performed to find the minor faults of major insulation. It elaborates the quality, condition of
insulation and extent of deterioration of insulation. C & DF test must be performed on transformer
when it is newly installed and those readings must be kept for future reference and performed annually
to analyze the condition of insulation.
Dissipation factor is watt loss in insulation due to leakage current.
Factors Affecting C&DF test:
Moisture Content
Temperature
This is also called Ratio test and this test is performed to measure the %age ratio of transformer to know
about the shorted turns in any transformer winding.
ConnectionsPurpose of the Ratio Test:
There is no requirements to make connection changes once the initial test set connections are made.
High-voltage winding and low-voltage winding test set connection changes are made through a
selector switch provided on the test set.
Winding capacitance and dissipation factor test values are obtained by balancing a null meter for each
variable at every the measured variable selector switch positions .
Procedure for C&DF test:
The test is performed :
De Energize the transformer and avail PTW.
Disconnect cables, bus bars etc and ground them.
Make sure all bushings are neat and dry.
Short all HV bushings.
Short all HV bushing along with neutral if available with bare and stranded conductor.
Make sure all connections must be tight and jumper should not be allowed to sag.
The ULTC should be off neutral position.
Check and note oil temperature as readings are to be corrected.
If there is rainy season do not perform this test.
For two winding transformer:
For two winding transformer,six reading H-X H-T H-G HX-G H-XG and X-HG are taken.
The first three readings are necessary.The last three readings are only recorded for verification purpose.
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GRID MAINTENANCE CREW TRAINING – 156 Name: Mahum Jamil
Designation: Assistant Manager (M)
500kV Yousafwala Grid Station
For example: CH-XG=CH-X + CH-G
For 3 winding transformer:
For three winding transformer,12 reading H-X H-T H-G X-T X-G T-G HX-G HT-G XT-G H-XG H-TG and X-
TG are taken.The last six readings are only recorded for verification purpose.
For example: CHX-G=CH-G + CX-G
To make sure the connection between transformer tapped winding and selector switches of tap
changer are made correct or not.
To measure the phase angle ratio of transformer which can be used to know the minute the
shorted turns in any transformer winding.
To check the polarity of single phase transformer
To find the unknown primary or secondary voltage if anyone is known.
To detect the open circuit fault in any transformer winding.
Procedure for finding Earth resistance of Grid/ certain area:
[1.] Check the accuracy of Ratio meter by performing accuracy test for 0 % and 100% ratio.
[2.] Isolate and de-energize transformer according to permit.
[3.] Disconnect transformer from neutral ground.
[4.] Calculate %ratio on each tap from transformer nameplate.
[5.] Draw vector Diagram of transformer from nameplate and make connections between ratio
meter and transformer accordingly.
Test Results:
Sr ModeEquipmen Tap Capacitance Bridge Calcula DF Leakage Remarks
no t PositionPO SymbolHV SymbolLV ted Mea Current%
. S Ratio sure Error
d
RAti
o
1
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GRID MAINTENANCE CREW TRAINING – 156 Name: Mahum Jamil
Designation: Assistant Manager (M)
500kV Yousafwala Grid Station
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
Interpretation:
1. If both the values of C & DF increases from previous value then insulation is contaminated
definitely with moisture. In such case transformer must be de hydrated.
2. If C value is unchanged but DF value increases from its previous value then insulation is
deteriorated chemically (may be due to aging) or insulation may be contaminated with varnish
(not with moisture)
3. If DF of inner winding (LV) to ground increases and C value decreases from previous values then
core ground circuit is open.
4. If DF is unchanged but C value changes from its previous values then suspect some mechanical
damage for example shifting of winding etc
Factors Affecting Earth Resistance:
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GRID MAINTENANCE CREW TRAINING – 156 Name: Mahum Jamil
Designation: Assistant Manager (M)
500kV Yousafwala Grid Station
Soil Resistivity
Earth Electrode Type and size
Moisture Content
Temperature
Grounding System Design
Corrosion at terminal
Low quality material of electrodes/spikes
Lose Connection
Testing performed at Maintenance Workshop at TSG Tarbela.
Conclusion:
The interpretation of the above results would be:
Standard Earth Resistance Values
Maximum value of Earth Resistance for a power station 1Ω or less
Maximum value of Earth Resistance for a Grid station 2Ω or less
Maximum value of Earth Resistance for a Transmission Line 5Ω or less
Maximum value of Earth Resistance for a Distribution Transformer 5Ω or less
Maximum value of Earth Resistance for a Residential home 10Ω or less
