Name ……………………………………Admission Number.…………… Class ……….

233/2 Student’s signature……………………

CHEMISTRY Date ………………
(Revision)

The Loita High School

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
REVISION ON METALS FORM 4
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS:
 Write your name and admission number in the spaces provided.
 Sign and write date of examination in the spaces provided above
 Answer all the questions in spaces provided
TOPIC: METALS
I. ALUMINIUM

1. (a) Study the flow chart of extraction of aluminium below and answer the questions that follow.
Bauxite Residue P

NaOH (aq) Q Process R

Solution J

Process B
Process C
Aluminium Al(OH)3 (s)
liquid Al2O3(s)
(i) Write the equation for the reaction in chamber Q. (1 mark)
Al2O3(s) +2 NaOH(aq) + 3H2O 2Na Al(OH)4(aq )  1

(ii) Name residue P. (1 mark)

Iron (III) hydroxide  1
. (iii) Name processes R and C. (2marks)
R: Filtration  1
C: Electrolysis  1
(iv) In process C, a current of 88.0A was passed through molten aluminium oxide for 8
hours. Determine the mass of aluminium produced. (3marks)
(1 Faraday = 96 500 coulombs and Al = 27)

Q = It
= 88 x 8 x 60 x 60
= 2534400 C  ½ mk
Al3+ (l) + 3e- Al(s)  1
27g Al 3 x 96500C  ½
X 2 534 400 C
27 x 2534400
X¿ ½
3 x 96500
=236.3689 g  ½
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(v) State two ways by which process B is accomplished. (2marks)

 By adding a seed / seeding  1

 By bubbing CO2 into the NaAl(OH)4  1

(vi) Write an equation for the conversion of aluminium hydroxide into aluminium oxide.

2Al (OH)3(s) Al2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)  1 (1mark)

(b) Explain the following observations:

(i) Aluminium utensils should not be cleaned with strongly alkaline washing liquids. (1mark)

Strongly alkaline solutions / liquids dissolve the protective layer of aluminium oxide  1

(ii)Aluminium alloys are commonly used in aeroplane construction. (1mark)

- Low density 1
-Less reactive / inert (Any one)
-More resistant to corrosion

2. Aluminium is extracted using the electrolytic cell represented by the diagram below.

Electrode X
Electrode Y

Steel tank
Molten ore

Molten aluminium

(a) Why is aluminium extracted by electrolytic method? (1mark)

Aluminium is very reactive metal  hence extracted by electrolysis.

(b) Name the electrodes labeled (2marks)

X – Anode ½mk
V – Cathode ½mk

(c) The chief ore from which aluminium is extracted is bauxite.

(i) Name two main impurities present in bauxite. (2marks)
Iron (II) oxide 1mk
Silicon (IV) oxide 1mk

(ii) Aluminium oxide is the main component in Bauxite with a melting point of 2015C but
electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide is carried out at 800C. Explain how this is achieved.
(2marks)
Cryolite is added. 1mk This lower the temperature from 2015ºC to 800ºC. 1mk

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(d) Write the equations for the reaction taking place at the anode. (1mark)

6O2-  3O2 (g) + 12e 1mk

(e) One of the electrodes is replaced periodically. Which one and why? (2marks)

The anode.  The oxygen liberated at the anode reacts with carbon anode to
form carbon (IV) oxide hence its corroded.

(f) Duralumin (an alloy of copper, aluminium and magnesium) is preferred to pure aluminium in the
construction of aeroplane bodies. Give one property of duralumin that is considered.
(1mark)
- Stronger than pure aluminium.
- Harder than pure aluminium.
- Has higher tensile strength than aluminium.
- Not easily corroded compared to aluminium.
- More durable. (Any 1mk)

3. Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Residue

Ore N Na OH (s) Q Step (i) Solution x

Step (ii)

Molten Electrolysis Molten Step (iii) Al2O3

Aluminium (iv) mixture

(a) Name one Ore of N. (1mark)

Bauxite
(b) Explain why the ore is first dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide solution (1mark)
To purify the ore
(c) Name the major compound present in the residue. (1mark)
Iron (III) hydroxide
(d) Give the formula of the aluminium compound present in solution X (1mark)
-
(Al(0H)4 )

(e) Explain how to obtain aluminium hydroxide from solution X (1mark)

- Pump Carbon (IV) oxide C02 through the solution to precipitate aluminum hydroxide as a precipitate
- seeding (Put one crystal of aluminum hydroxide into the solution
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(f) (i) Write an equation of the reaction that takes place in (e) above (1mark)
-
Al(OH4) (aq) + CO2(g) A l(OH) 3(s) + CO32- (aq)

Al(OH)4 –(aq) Al(OH)3(g) Al(OH) 3(g)

(ii)What is the role of cryolite (Na3 AlF6) in the extraction of Aluminium: (1mark)
- To lower the melting of aluminum oxide from 20500c to 8000C. √ (1mk)
- To increase the conductivity of the electrolyte

(iii) Explain why Na+ and F – ions are not discharged during electrolysis in step (iv) (1mark)
They are higher in the electrochemical series than Al3+ while F- is
(iv)Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity. State two uses of aluminium based on that property.
(2marks)
- to make cooking pans
- To make electric cables
(g) Draw a diagram to show how an aluminium spoon can be electroplated with copper. (2marks)

4. The process of extraction of Aluminium is summarized as below:

Residue

Step I
Ore X
Substance Molten
Q Solution Step II Aluminium Step III Aluminium
Molten
R Oxide Oxide Aluminium

Substance S

(a) (i) Write the formula of the main Ore X which is used in extraction of aluminium.
(1mark)
Al2O3. 2H2O√1 // Al2O3.H20

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(ii) Name:
(a) The main residue formed after filtration in step I. (1mark)
Iron (iii) Oxide√1
(b) Substance Q. (1mark)
Concentrated Sodium√1 Hydroxide // (NaOH)

(iii) How is the sodium Aluminate in Solution R separated from the impurity silicon (IV) oxide?
(2marks)
By bubbling carbon (iv) oxide gas through the filtrate to precipitate Aluminum hydroxide which
is the filtered off. √½

(iv) What is the purpose of addition of substance S in step III. (2marks)

To lower M.p of Al2O3 from 20150C√1 to 8000C; which is economical√1 during electrolysis // to avoid
Aluminium from vaporizing if electrolysis is carried out at 20150C.

(b) (i) Explain why the Anode in extraction of Aluminium is replaced periodically.
(2marks)
Because the carbon anode is attacked√1 by oxygen liberated at high temperature hence the anode
gradually burns√1 away.

(ii) Write an equation for the formation of Aluminium at the cathode. (1mark)

4Al3+(l) + 12e- 4Al(s) √1

OR Al3+(l) + 3e- Al(s)

(c) (i) Explain why Duralum an alloy of Aluminium is used in construction of aircraft parts and car
window frames. (1mark)
It is light, √1 hard, strong and resistant to corrosion

(ii) Apart from the application of Aluminium above, state two other uses. (2marks)
- Making cooking vessels. √1
- Making overhead cables. √1
- As a reducing agent in thermite process. (any 2x1 = 2mks)

5. The extraction of aluminium from its ore takes place in two stages, purification state and electrolysis
stage. The diagram below shows the set up for the electrolysis stage.
Anode

Alumimium

Electrolyte Cathode

(a) (i) Name the ore from which aluminium is extracted. (1mark)

Bauxite

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(ii) Name the impurity which is removed at the purification stage. (1mark)
 Iron
 Silicon
(b) (i) Label on the diagram each of the following:-
Anode (1mark)
Cathode (1mark)
Region containing electrolyte. (1mark)
(ii) The melting point of aluminium oxide is 2054oC, but electrolysis is carried out between 800oC -
900oC.
I. Why is electrolysis not carried out at 2054oC. (1mark)
- High temperature is expensive to attain and maintain OR
- Al2O3 is a very poor conductor of electricity at very high temperature.

II. What is done to lower the temperature? (1mark)

Adding cryolite (impurity) to molten aluminium oxide
(iii)Give two properties that makes aluminium be collected as shown in the diagram. (2marks)
- Denser than the electrolyte
- Insoluble in the electrolyte
(c) State two properties of aluminium that makes it possible to be used in making overhead electric cables.

(2marks)
- Low density 1
-good conductor of electricity
-Less reactive / inert (Any one)
-More resistant to corrosion

(d) A typical electrolysis cell uses a current of 40,000 amperes. Calculate the mass in kg of aluminium
produced in one hour. (3marks)

IF=96500c, Al=27
Al3+(aq) + 3e Al(aq)
Q=It
Q= (40,000 X 60 X 60) C=144000000C

3F -----------------------27g Al
(3 x 96500) c ---------- 27g Al.
144000000c?

= 144000000 x 27 g = 144000000 x 27
3x96500 289500

= 13430g ≈ 13.43kgAl

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II. SODIUM
6. (a) Sodium metal is extracted by the down’s process made of iron shell and bricks. Give a reason why
the walls have to be iron and bricks. (1mark)
To withstand too much heating to melt the ore and maintain it in molten state.

(b) The diagram below is a Down’s cell.

Sodium chloride in B

A
d

Label the parts A, B, and C. (3marks)

A- liquid sodium Note reject sodium alone
B-Cl2 gas
C- Carbon anode

(c) (i) Write the equation of the reaction at the Anode (1mark)

2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e

(ii) During this process calcium chloride was added

State two functions of the substance (2marks)

- To lower Nacl melting point

- To save on electricity

(iii) What property of sodium makes it possible for it to be collected as in the diagram (1mark)
- Low density

(d) (i) State and explain one environmental effect that may arise from the extraction of sodium (2marks)
.
- Pollution; Cl2 is poisonous
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(ii) Give two industrial uses of sodium (2 marks)

- makes alloy with K used as a coolant

- Makes NaCN for gold extraction
7. The diagram below represents a mercury cell that can be used in the industrial manufacture of sodium
hydroxide. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Name:
(i) Raw material introduced at 2. (1mark)

Water ½

(ii) Another substance that can be used in the cell instead of graphite. (1mark)

Titanium ½

(b) Identify the by-product that comes out at I. (1mark)

Chlorine ¹

(c) Write an equation for the reaction:-

(i) That occurred at the anode. (1mark)
Na +(l ) + e − → Na (l )

(ii) In which sodium hydroxide was produced. (1mark)

NaHg(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(l) + H2(s) ¹

(d) Give two reasons why mercury is recycled. (2marks)

Mercury is expensive. ¹
It does not react ¹ any 2
It is poisonous

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III. LEAD

8. The industrial extraction of lead metal from its ore is as illustrated in the flow chart below:

GAS K IRON GAS C

A

ORE PURIFICATION ROASTIN BLAST B

G IN AIR FURNACE
CE
GAS R
COKE
LEAD

(a) Identify the chief ore used to extract lead metal. (1mark)
galena // (PbS) √1
(b) What happens at purifications stage? (1mark)
Concentration of the ore by froth flotation. √1

(c) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when the ore is roasted in air.
(1mark)
(s) 2(g) 1
2Pbs + 3O 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g) √

(d) Identify substances: (5marks)

S Iron (ii) Sulphate√1

A Limestone // Calcium carbonate√1
K Sulphur (iv) oxide√1
C Carbon (ii) Oxide√1
R Carbon (iv) Oxide√1

(e) Using an equation show the role of iron in the blast furnace. (1mark)
(ii) PbS(s) + Fe(s) FeS(s) + Pb(s) √1

(a) Tetraethyl lead is an anti-knock additive that is added to petrol. This petrol additive is however being
phased out. Give a reason to this. (1mark)
Lead released to the atmosphere is poisonous. √1

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IV. COPPER

9. The extraction of copper from copper pyrites is done in three main stages before pure copper is obtained.
(i) The concentration of the ore to remove impurities.
(ii) Roasting of the ore and reduction.
(iii) Purification of blister copper.
(a) Name the methods used to purify the ore. (1 mark)

Froth floatation
(b) One of the equation in stage (ii) to form blister copper is

Cu2S(s) + 2Cu2O(s) Cu(s) + SO2(g)

I. Name the reducing agent. (1 mark)

Copper (I) sulphide

II. Explain why this type of Copper is called “blister copper”. (1 mark)

Forms blister like surface due to escaping SO2

(c) One of the uses of copper is to make electrical conductors and it must be 99.99% pure.
I. Draw a diagram to illustrate how blister copper is purified. (2 marks)

Pure copper impure copper

Copper (II) Sulphate solution

II. State one other uses of copper. (1 mark)

Making coins / alloys

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V. ZINC
10. Study the following reaction scheme for extraction of zinc metal and then answer the questions that
follow.
Zinc ores
Roasting ores in air
Concentrating ores by froth floatation

Electrolytic method Reduction method

99.5 pure Purification process

zinc

Pure zinc

(i) Name the two ore from which zinc can be extracted. (2marks)

Zinc carbonate √1
Zinc blende√1
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place when zinc ores are roasted in air. (1marks)

2ZnS(s) + 3O2 (g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g)

2PbS(s) + 3O2 2PbO(s) + 2SO2 (g)

(b) Explain the effects of the by-products of the roasting process of zinc ores on the environment.
(2marks)

The SO2 (g) gas produced ready combines with oxygen in air to form sulphur (vi) oxide gas (SO3)(g).The
sulphur(vi)oxide gas is very soluble in water and hence dissolves in rain water and falls as acid rain. The

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rain destroys aquatic life, iron sheets and stones. The gases are poisonous, if inhaled, causes respiratory
problems.

(c) (i) Name the reducing agents used in the furnace during extraction process of zinc by reduction method.
(1marks)
Carbon(Coke) √½mk
Carbon monoxide√½mk

(ii) Write the equations for the reduction processes to obtain zinc. (1marks)

ZnO(g) + C(g) Zn(g) + CO(g)

ZnO(g) + CO(g) Zn(g) + CO2(g)

(d) Name the electrolyte used in the electrolyte method and explain how it is acquired. (2marks)

Electrolyte is zinc sulphate (ZnSO4 (aq)).it is obtained from the reaction between zinc oxide and sulphuric acid.
ZnO(s) +H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

VI. IRON
11. Iron is obtained using the blast furnace below.
Limestone,
coke, ore A

3000c
D
5000c
6000c
8000c
16000c

B
C
(a) Name one ore of iron………… Magnetic, hematite, FeCO3.………………. (1mark)

(b) Name what comes out through points (3marks)

A – waste gases
B – slag
C- molten iron

(c) Limestone is one of the raw materials in extraction of iron. State its two functions. (2marks)
Produce CO2
To remove impurities from ore.
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(d) Write an equation for the reaction taking place at point D (1mark)

Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe (s) + 3CO2(g)

12. The blast furnace used in extraction of iron is as shown below.

Limestone,
coke, ore

F
D

H
Hot air
blast Hot air
blast

Slag
Iron

(a) Name the constituents of A. (2marks)

Carbon (IV) oxide and carbon(II) oxide
(b) At which point F, G and H would you expect the highest temperature? (1mark)
Point H
(c) State the role of the hot air blasts in this process. (1mark)
To burn coke and keep temperature of the lower furnace hot
(d) It is possible to separate iron from the slag. Explain. (1mark)
Slag is denser than molten iron
(e) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place to produce iron. (1mark)
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe (l) + 3CO2(g)

(f) Iron obtained from the furnace must be given further treatment before it can be used in building
bridges. Explain. (2marks)
It is brittle hence treated to make it tough and resistant to rust
(g) What is meant by galvanized iron? (1mark)
Iron coated with zinc metal
(h) Why is it necessary to galvanize iron? (1mark)

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To prevent rusting
(i) State one environmental hazard associated with extraction of iron. (1mark)
Burning coke produce CO2 which is green house hence cause global warming

13. The diagram below is a flow chart for the extraction of copper. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

Ore Crushed Powdered Mixed with water, concentrated

(I) Ore oil, and air (II) Ore

(III) Roasted in air

SO2

Copper (I) Roasted in presence Copper (I) sulphide and

Sulphide of sand iron (II) oxide

IV
Heated in
SO2 Converter
Slag

Liquid Cooled Blister Electrolysis Pure

Copper (VI) copper (VII) copper

(a) Write the formula of the major ore of copper metal. (1mark )
CuFeS2 1
(b) Name process (II) (1mark )
Froth floatation 1
(c) Give an equation for the reaction that occurs in stage (III). (1mark)
2CuFeS (s) + 4O2 (g) Cu2S (s) + 2FeO(s) +3SO2 ( g) 1

(d) Explain what happens in stage (IV). (2marks )

Silica / SiO2 1 is added which reacts with iron (II) oxide to form iron (II)  silicate
which forms part of slag.

(e) Write half cell equations for the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode in stage (VII).
(1marks )
Anode
Cu (s) Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  ½

Cathode
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e - Cu (s)  ½

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(f) Draw a simple diagram showing the set-up that is used in electrolytic purification of copper.
(2marks )

(g) A green rocky material is suspected to be malachite, CuCO3. Cu (OH)2. Describe how the presence of
copper can be ascertained. ( 3marks )
- Add HNO3 to the ore 1
- Filter and place small portion of the filtrate into a test tube. 1
- Add NH4OH (aq) until in excess – Deep blue solution  ½ confirms presence of Cu2+ ions

---End---

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