Student ID: 04132013028
Name: Mishaal Malik
Course Title: BS IR
Module Title: SPIR-221 Introduction to Development Studies
Submitted to: Ms.Selina Saeed Ikramullah
Essay Title: In what ways has globalization impacted development?
Word count: 1747
As globalization and development both are ambiguous term and the modern system now
faces a structural crisis which would be change in transition period and new system has yet to
be determined. This essay would take a gander on the types of globalization focusing on
cultural and economic globalization along with theoretical models of William I. Robinson
and how it had impacted globally.
The clear word globalization includes in itself bundle of interpretation and has been gotten a
handle on by various examiners in different ways. From the ascent of Big business, monetary
compromise and revolutionary advancement in Asia and Indian Ocean all are associated with
globalization in different ways. It was first recorded in 1940 in any case after that it was
every so often used. This term procured thought due to its unpredictability in any case after
chilly conflict the term generally suggested the world more related in monetary and
illuminating angles. A teacher of Humanism, Roland Robertson described globalization as
"the perception of the world and the extended impression of the world overall." alternately,
following definition has been used by Anthony Giddens: “The outcomes of innovation" "the
globalization can be portrayed as the increasing of social relations generally through the
world, interfacing distant domains so neighbourhood happenings are moulded as a result of
events that happen some place far away as well as the reverse way around" 1. There are five
vectors of globalization that impacts an overall population both locally, regionally and
generally are: the monetary vector, the political, the military, the religion and the social.
Individuals who support globalization weight in light of development in states of monetary
issues and improvement generally speaking at any rate analysts are lamentable of divergence
pay, tyrannical ethnocentrism and colonialism. The early discussion on globalization during
the 1980s endeavoured to pick whether this believed was an accurate depiction of changes
that were going on. On the one side, critics felt that there was nothing usually new about the
globalism that existed. By and large exchanging markets, cash trade, mass turn of events,
recognizing free travel, and an overall cosmopolitan culture were all highlights of the world
100 years sooner. This position associated with the ordinary left, there would be no essential
for simultaneous changes in establishments and no need for new left official issues. Running
against the norm side, "hyberglobalizers" trumpeted an immense spread of near and dear
change and new by and large components, a world overwhelmed by endeavours and types of
progress, where government has no guaranteed power and individuals have little to no faith in
standard regulative issues. Anthony Giddens battled that this discussion is at present a
remainder of previous times. "The discussion right currently is about the aftereffects of
globalization, not about the truth of globalization"2 .Numerous financial specialists accepted
that eliminating exchange obstruction and free development of products across line would
diminish destitution yet it has not occurred wherever in that frame of mind of China and India
we have seen a general decrease in neediness however it isn't true in low pay nations like
Pakistan. The key organization, for example, IMF, WTO and the World Bank are scrutinized
all through the world because of its approaches for example IMF because of its
inconvenience of rules on non-industrial nations for advances. These severe approaches as
opposed to making circumstance great generally deteriorate it. In WTO, rich nations
1
(Giddens 1991)
2
(Boas July 5,2000)
frequently have really haggling influence for instance 48 least evolved nations confronted
more tax while sending out their items which was 20% higher than those looked by the
remainder of the world3. Through a rapid increase in the movement of goods, services,
technology, and capital across borders, economic globalization refers to the growing
economic interdependence of national economies around the world. Following are the types
of Globalization:
Economic globalization is the process of increasing economic integration between countries,
leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market, whereas business
globalization is based on the reduction of international trade regulations as well as tariffs,
taxes, and other obstacles that suppress global trade. Contingent upon the worldview,
financial globalization can be seen as either a positive or a negative peculiarity. Globalization
of the economy includes: globalization of creation; which means getting goods and services
from a specific source in different parts of the world to take advantage of differences in price
and quality. Moreover, it additionally involves globalization of business sectors; which is
defined as the amalgamation of numerous distinct markets into a vast global market.
Financial globalization additionally incorporates rivalry, innovation, and partnerships and
ventures.4A free-trade region is the locale enveloping an exchange coalition whose part
nations have consented to a streamlined commerce arrangement (FTA). Such arrangements
include participation between something like two nations to diminish exchange boundaries -
import portions and levies - and to expand exchange of labour and products with one another.
A free-trade agreement is not the same thing as an open border if people can freely move
between the countries. The European Union, a political-economic union of 27 member states
primarily located in Europe, is arguably the most significant free trade area in the world.
Through a uniform set of laws that are in effect across all EU member states, the European
Single Market was created. The free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within
the internal market is the goal of EU policies.
The theoretical approach that William I. Robinson takes to globalization is a criticism of
Wallenstein’s World Systems Theory. He is of the opinion that a brand-new and distinct type
of globalization that began in the 1980s is responsible for the current level of global capital.
According to Robinson's theory of globalization, not only are economic activities expanding
across national boundaries, but they are also fragmenting across borders 5. One important
aspect of Robinson's theory is that goods production is becoming increasingly global. This
indicates that six nations can produce one pair of shoes, with each nation contributing to a
portion of the production process. The spread of ideas, meanings, and values around the
world in a way that deepens and broadens social ties is referred to as cultural globalization.
The widespread consumption of cultures that have been disseminated through the Internet,
popular culture media, and international travel is a characteristic feature of this process. The
processes of commodity exchange and colonization, both of which have a longer history of
carrying cultural significance around the world, have been augmented by this. People are able
to participate in extended social relationships that span national and regional boundaries
3
(Khan n.d.)
4
(Joshi 2009)
5
(Robinson 2009)
because of the movement of cultures. The development of shared cultural norms and
knowledge that people use to connect their individual and collective cultural identities is one
aspect of cultural globalization. It fosters a stronger sense of community among diverse
cultures and populations.
The spread of cultural items like ideas, fashions, religions, technologies, languages, and so on
is known as cultural diffusion. Cross-cultural contacts have increased as a result of cultural
globalization, but the uniqueness of once-isolated communities may also decrease. Sushi, for
instance, can be found both in Germany and Japan. On the other hand, Euro-Disney draws
more people to Paris than any other city, possibly decreasing demand for "authentic" French
pastries6. Existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus contend that, in comparison
to the impact of modernity itself, globalization's impact on individuals' alienation from their
traditions may be negligible. Through the dissemination of popular culture, particularly via
the Internet and satellite television, globalization has increased recreational opportunities 7.
Globalization is regarded as synonymous with homogenizing force due to the
interconnectedness of markets, cultures, politics, and the desire for modernization through the
sphere of influence of imperial nations. Cultural diffusion can result in a homogenizing force.
Despite the fact that Western nations continue to be the primary exporters of cultural goods, a
2005 UNESCO report demonstrated that cultural exchanges are becoming more frequent
from Eastern Asia. After the United Kingdom and the United States, China was the third
largest exporter of cultural goods in 2002.
Globalization is criticized by those who argue that it harms cultural diversity. Through
globalization, the culture of a dominant nation can be brought into a receiving nation, posing
a threat to the diversity of the local culture 8. A contend that globalization may eventually
prompt Westernization or Americanization of culture, where the overwhelming social ideas
of financially and politically strong Western nations spread and truly damage neighbourhood
societies. The term "political globalization" refers to the expanding size and complexity of
the global political system. National governments, their governmental and intergovernmental
organizations, and government-independent components of global civil society like
international non-governmental organizations and social movement organizations are all part
of this system. The diminishing significance of the nation-state and the rise of other political
actors are key features of political globalization. "The expansion of a global political system,
and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to
trade) are managed" is how William R. Thompson defined 9. Political globalization is one of
the three main dimensions of globalization that are frequently discussed in academic
literature.
In nutshell, globalization has been included into our lives be it economic dimension, cultural ,
political and environment however negative impacts of globalization such as creation of risk
society and separation from structure as popularized by Ulrich Beck cannot be relegated
6
(Cowen 2015)
7
(Fangjun 2009)
8
(Volf 2015)
9
(Modelski 2007)
furthermore, globalization brings about disparity between developed and developing
countries.
Bibliography :
Boas, Taylor. “Anthony Giddens discusses the globalization debate.” Canegie Endowment for
International Peace , July 5,2000.
Cowen, Tyler. Globalization and Culture. Cato Policy Report, Guset User, 2015.
Fangjun, Cao. “Modernization Theory and China Road to Modernization.” Chinese studies in history,
2009: 16.
Giddens, Anthony. “The consequences of modernity.” 1991: 64.
Joshi, Rakesh Mohan. “International Business.” In International Business, by Rakesh Mohan Joshi.
Dehli: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Khan, Himayatullah. “Globalization challenges and debates.” n.d.
Modelski, George. “Globalization as revolutionary process:Modeling Global Change.” Routledge,
2007.
Robinson. “Globalization and Sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein:A critical Appraisal.” SAGE journals,
2009: 1-23.
Volf, Miroslav. “Flourishing: Why we need religion in a globalized World.” In Flourising:Why we need
religion in a globa;ized World, by Miroslav Volf. 2015.
