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PHYSICS 2
QUARTER 2 - MODULE 8
I. TITLE: MAGNETISM
II. INTRODUCTION:
The magnets and magnetization in physics will be explored throughout this module. The interaction of two
opposite poles of magnets and the magnetic field pattern around a magnet
III. OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the interaction between poles of magnets
2. Draw the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet and between the poles of two bar magnets

V. DISCUSSION:
Magnets and Magnetization
People have been aware of magnets and magnetism for thousands
of years. The earliest records date back to ancient times, particularly in the
region of Asia Minor called Magnesia—the name of this region is the source
of words like magnet. Magnetic rocks found in Magnesia, which is now part
of western Turkey, stimulated interest during ancient times. When humans
first discovered magnetic rocks, they likely found that certain parts of these Figure 8.1 A bar magnet with paper clips attracted to
the two poles.
rocks attracted bits of iron or other magnetic rocks more strongly than
other parts. These areas are called the poles of a magnet. A magnetic
pole is the part of a magnet that exerts the strongest force on other magnets or magnetic material, such as iron. For
example, the poles of the bar magnet shown in Figure 8.1 are where the paper clips are concentrated.

If a bar magnet is suspended so that it rotates freely, one pole of the magnet will
always turn toward the north, with the opposite pole facing south. This discovery led to
the compass, which is simply a small, elongated magnet mounted so that it can rotate
freely. An example of a compass is shown Figure 8.2. The pole of the magnet that orients
northward is called the north pole, and the opposite pole of the magnet is called
the south pole.

The discovery that one particular pole of a magnet orients northward, whereas
the other pole orients southward allowed people to identify the north and south poles of
any magnet. It was then noticed that the north poles of two different magnets repel each
other, and likewise for the south poles. Conversely, the north pole of one magnet attracts
the south pole of other magnets. This situation is analogous to that of electric charge,
where like charges repel and unlike charges attract. In magnets, we simply replace charge
with pole: Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. This is summarized in Figure 8.3,
which shows how the force between magnets depends on their relative orientation. Figure 8.2 A compass is an elongated
Consider again the fact that the magnet mounted in a device that allows
pole of a magnet that orients the magnet to rotate freely.
northward is called the north
pole of the magnet. If unlike poles attract, then the magnetic pole
of Earth that is close to the geographic North Pole must be a
magnetic south pole! Likewise, the magnetic pole of Earth that is
close to the geographic South Pole must be a magnetic north pole.
This situation is depicted in Figure 8.4, in which Earth is represented
as containing a giant internal bar magnet with its magnetic south
pole at the geographic North Pole and vice versa. If we were to
somehow suspend a giant bar magnet in space near Earth, then the
north pole of the space magnet would be attracted to the south
pole of Earth’s internal magnet. This is in essence what happens
with a compass needle: Its magnetic north pole is attracted to the
magnet south pole of Earth’s internal magnet.
Figure 8.3 Depending on their relative orientation, magnet
poles will either attract each other or repel each other.

1 |SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL//Revised by: Mrs. Geraldine G. Figueras/Edited By: Ms. KC Chico GENERAL PHYSICS 2 /MODULE 8
What happens if you cut a bar magnet in half? Do you obtain one magnet with
two south poles and one magnet with two north poles? The answer is no: Each
half of the bar magnet has a north pole and a south pole. You can even
continue cutting each piece of the bar magnet in half, and you will always
obtain a new, smaller magnet with two opposite poles. As shown in Figure 8.5,
you can continue this process down to the atomic scale, and you will find that
even the smallest particles that behave as magnets have two opposite poles.
In fact, no experiment has ever found any object with a single magnetic pole,
from the smallest subatomic particle such as electrons to the largest objects in
the universe such as stars. Because magnets always have two poles, they are
referred to as magnetic dipoles—di means two. Below, we will see that
magnetic dipoles have properties that are analogous to electric dipoles.
Figure 8.4 Earth can be thought of as containing a giant magnet
running through its core. The magnetic south pole of Earth’s magnet is
at the geographic North Pole, so the north pole of magnets is
attracted to the North Pole, which is how the north pole

Only certain materials, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and gadolinium, exhibit strong magnetic
effects. Such materials are called ferromagnetic, after the Latin word ferrum for iron. Other
materials exhibit weak magnetic effects, which are detectable only with sensitive
instruments. Not only do ferromagnetic materials respond strongly to magnets—the way
iron is attracted to magnets—but they can also be magnetized themselves—that is, they can
be induced to be magnetic or made into permanent magnets (Figure 8.6). A permanent
magnet is simply a material that retains its magnetic behavior for a long time, even when
exposed to demagnetizing influences.
Figure 8.5 All magnets have two
opposite poles, from the smallest,
such as subatomic particles, to the
largest, such as stars.

When a magnet is brought near

a previously unmagnetized
ferromagnetic material, it
causes local magnetization of
the material with unlike poles
closest, as in the right side
of Figure 8.6. This causes an Figure 8.6 An unmagnetized piece of iron is placed between two magnets, heated, and then cooled, or
simply tapped when cold. The iron becomes a permanent magnet with the poles aligned as shown: Its
attractive force, which is why
south pole is adjacent to the north pole of the original magnet, and its north pole is adjacent to the
unmagnetized iron is attracted south pole of the original magnet. Note that attractive forces are created between the central magnet
to a magnet. and the outer magnets

Magnetic Fields
We have thus seen that forces can be applied between magnets and
between magnets and ferromagnetic materials without any contact between the
objects. This is reminiscent of electric forces, which also act over distances.
Electric forces are described using the concept of the electric field, which is a force
field around electric charges that describes the force on any other
charge placed in the field. Likewise, a magnet creates a magnetic Figure 8.7 The black lines represent the magnetic field lines of a
bar magnet. The field lines point in the direction that the north
field around it that describes the force exerted on other magnets pole of a small compass would point, as shown at left. Magnetic
placed in the field. As with electric fields, the pictorial field lines never stop, so the field lines actually penetrate the
representation of magnetic field lines is very useful for visualizing magnet to form complete loops, as shown at right.
the strength and direction of the magnetic field.
As shown in Figure 8.7, the direction of magnetic field lines is defined to be the direction in which the north pole
of a compass needle points. If you place a compass near the north pole of a magnet, the north pole of the compass
needle will be repelled and point away from the magnet. Thus, the magnetic field lines point away from the north pole
of a magnet and toward its south pole.
Magnetic field lines can be mapped out using a small compass. The compass is moved from point to point
around a magnet, and at each point, a short line is drawn in the direction of the needle, as shown in Figure 8.8. Joining
the lines together then reveals the path of the magnetic field line. Another way to visualize magnetic field lines is to
sprinkle iron filings around a magnet. The filings will orient
themselves along the magnetic field lines, forming a pattern such
as that shown on the right in Figure 8.8.
When two magnets are brought close together, the
magnetic field lines are perturbed, just as happens for electric
Figure 8.8 Magnetic field lines can be drawn by moving a small
field lines when two electric charges are brought together. compass from point to point around a magnet. At each point,
Bringing two north poles together—or two south poles—will draw a short line in the direction of the compass needle. Joining
the points together reveals the path of the magnetic field lines.
2 |SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL//Revised by: Mrs. Geraldine G. Figueras/Edited By: Ms. KC
Another
Chico way to visualize
GENERALmagnetic
PHYSICS 2field lines is 8to sprinkle iron
/MODULE
fillings around a magnet, as shown at right
cause a repulsion, and the magnetic field lines will bend away from each other. This is shown in Figure 8.9, which shows
the magnetic field lines created by the two closely separated north poles of a bar magnet. When opposite poles of two
magnets are brought together, the magnetic field lines join together and become denser between the poles. This
situation is shown in Figure 8.9.
Like the electric field, the magnetic field is stronger where the lines are denser. Thus, between the two north
poles in Figure 8.9, the magnetic field is very weak because the density of the magnetic field is almost zero. A compass
placed at that point would essentially spin freely if we ignore Earth’s magnetic field. Conversely, the magnetic field lines
between the north and south poles in Figure 8.9 are very dense, indicating that the magnetic field is very strong in this
region. A compass placed here would quickly align with the
magnetic field and point toward the south pole on the right.
The magnetic field created by an electric current in a
long straight wire is shown in Figure 8.10. The magnetic field
lines form concentric circles around the wire. The direction of
the magnetic field can be determined using the right-hand rule.
This rule shows up in several places in the study of electricity
and magnetism. Applied to a straight
current-carrying wire, the right-hand Figure 8.9 (a) When two north poles are approached together, the magnetic field lines repel each
rule says that, with your right thumb other and the two magnets experience a repulsive force. The same occurs if two south poles are
approached together. (b) If opposite poles are approached together (b) If opposite poles are
pointed in the direction of the current, approached together, the magnetic field lines become denser between the poles and the
the magnetic field will be in the direction magnets experience an attractive force
in which your right fingers curl, as shown
in Figure 8.10. If the wire is very long compared to the distance r from the wire, the
strength B of the magnetic field is given by F = BIL
Now imagine winding a wire around a cylinder with the cylinder then
removed. The result is a wire coil, as shown in Figure 8.11. This is called a solenoid.
To find the direction of the magnetic field produced by a solenoid, apply the right-
hand rule to several points on the coil. You should be able to convince yourself that,
inside the coil, the magnetic field points from left to right. In fact, another application
of the right-hand rule is to curl your right-hand fingers around the coil in the direction
in which the current flows. Your right thumb then points in the direction of Figure 8.10 This image shows how to use the right-
the magnetic field inside the coil: left to right in this case. hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic
field created by current flowing through a straight
wire. Point your right thumb in the direction of the

Figure 8.11 A wire coil with current

running through as shown produces a Figure 8.12 Iron filings show the magnetic field pattern around (a) a solenoid and
magnetic field in the direction of the red (b) a bar magnet. The fields patterns are very similar, especially near the ends of
the solenoid and bar magnet.
Magnetic Force
If a moving electric charge, that is electric current, produces a magnetic field that can exert a force on another magnet,
then the reverse should be true by Newton’s third law. In other words, a charge moving through the magnetic field
produced by another object should experience a force—and this is exactly what we find. As a concrete example,
consider Figure 8.12, which shows a charge q moving with velocity v→ through a magnetic field B→ between the poles
of a permanent magnet. The magnitude F of the force experienced by this charge is F = qvB.sinθ where θ is the angle
between the velocity of the charge and the magnetic field.

The direction of the force may be found by using another version of the right-hand rule: First, we join the tails of the
velocity vector and a magnetic field vector, as shown in step 1 of Figure 8.12. We then curl our right fingers
from v→ to B→, as indicated in step (2) of Figure 8.12. The direction in which the right thumb points is the direction of
the force. For the charge in Figure 8.12, we find that the force is directed into the page.
Note that the factor sin θ in the equation F= qvB.sin θ means that zero force is applied on a charge that moves
parallel to a magnetic field because θ = 0 and sin 0 = 0 . The maximum force a charge can experience is when it moves
perpendicular to the magnetic field, because θ = 90° and sin 90°= 1.
Instead of a single charge moving through a magnetic field, consider now a steady current I moving through a straight
wire. If we place this wire in a uniform magnetic field, what is the force on the wire or, more precisely, on the electrons
in the wire? An electric current involves charges that move. If the charges q move a distance ℓ in a time t, then their
speed is v=ℓ/t. Inserting this into the equation F=qvBsinθ gives

3 |SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL//Revised by: Mrs. Geraldine G. Figueras/Edited By: Ms. KC Chico GENERAL PHYSICS 2 /MODULE 8
F = q(ℓ/t)Bsinθ

F = (q/t)ℓBsinθ.

The factor q/t in this equation is nothing more than the current in the wire. Thus, using I = q/t, we obtain

F = I ℓBsinθ

Figure 8.13(a) An electron moves through a uniform magnetic field. (b) Using the right-hand rule, the force on the electron is
found to be directed into the page.

References:
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/
General Physics 2- Baltazar, Sayasa, Arellano

4 |SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL//Revised by: Mrs. Geraldine G. Figueras/Edited By: Ms. KC Chico GENERAL PHYSICS 2 /MODULE 8