1444 FORMULA SHEET

m
Constants: g  9.80 2
G  6.673  10 11 N  m 2 / kg 2 e  1.60 1019 C k c  9.00 10 9 N  m 2 / C 2
s
C2 T m
 0  8.85  10 12  0  4  10 7 h  6.63 1034 J  s   1.055  1034 J  s
N m 2
A
31
melectron  9.11  10 kg mproton  1.67 1027 kg c  3.00 108 m / s
Metric Multipliers: Pico p  10 -12 Micro   10 -6 Centi c  10 -2 Mega M  10 6
Nano n  10 9 Milli m  10 -3 Kilo k  10 3 Giga G  10 9
Conversion Equivalents:
1.00 inch = 2.54 cm 1.00 ft. = 30.5 cm 1.00 m = 3.28 ft. = 39.4 inches
1.00 cm = 0.394 inches 1.00 km = 0.621 miles 1.00 mile = 5280 ft = 1.61 km
1
1 Rev = 2 rad = 360 1eV  1.60  1019 J kc 
4 0
Trigonometric Relations:
Opp B Adj A Opp B
For Right Triangles : Sin   Cos   Tan   A2  B 2  C 2
Hyp C Hyp C Adj A
Sin( ) Sin(  ) Sin( )
For All Triangles :   C 2  A2  B 2  2 AB  Cos( )
A B C
Vector Relations (assuming  defined with respect to the positive x-axis)
    Vy 
Vx  V  Cos V y  V  Sin V  Vx2  V y2   Tan 1  
 Vx 
Vector Dot and Cross Products (assuming  is the angle between the vectors)
iˆ ˆj kˆ iˆ  iˆ  0 ˆj  iˆ  kˆ kˆ  iˆ  ˆj
 
A  B  det Ax Ay Az  ( Ay Bz  Az By )iˆ  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz ) ˆj  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )kˆ iˆ  ˆj  kˆ ˆj  ˆj  0 kˆ  ˆj  iˆ
Bx By Bz iˆ  kˆ   ˆj ˆj  kˆ  iˆ kˆ  kˆ  0

       
| A  B || A || B | Sin A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz | A || B | Cos
x x  x0 v v  v0
Kinematic Equations in 1 Dimension: x  x0  v t v  a 
t t  t0 t t  t 0
x dx v dv d 2 x
v inst  lim t 0 
t dt
a inst  lim t 0  
t dt dt 2  a  dt  v  v  dt  x
Kinematic Equations in 1 Dimension with Constant Acceleration:
1 1 1
v  v0  at x x0  (v  v0 )t x  x0  v0 t  at 2 v 2  v02  2a( x  x0 ) v
(v  v 0 )
2 2 2
     
    r r  r0 v v  v0
Kinematic Equations in 2 Dimensions: r  r0  vavg t vavg   a 
t t  t 0 t t  t0
    
 r dr  v dv d 2 r    
v inst  lim t 0 
t dt
a inst  lim t 0
t

dt
 2
dt  a  dt  v  v  dt  r
Kinematics in 2 Dimensions with Constant Acceleration:
1 1 1
v x  v0 x  a x t x  x0  (v x  v0 x )t x  x0  v0 x t  a x t 2 v x  v02x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v x  (v x  v 0 x )
2

2 2 2
1 1 1
v y  v0 y  a y t y  y 0  (v y  v0 y )t y  y 0  v0 y t  a y t 2 v y  v02y  2a y ( y  y 0 ) v y  (v y  v 0 y )
2

2 2 2
      
Forces:  F  ma  Fx  max  Fy  ma y W  mg g Apparent  g  a Frame
  1 2
Work: W  F  s  F  s  Cos( ) Translational Kinetic Energy: KE  mv
2
W
Gravitational PE: U GRAV  mgh Conservation on Energy: WNC  KE  U Power: P 
 t
 | Q1 || Q2 |  F  
Coulomb’s Law: F  k c Electric Field: E  F  qE
r2 q
 |Q| U ab W
E (Point Charge): E  k c 2 Electric Potential: Vab    ab U  q  V
r q q
Q
Electric Potential (Point Charge): V  k c Electric Potential (in uniform E field): V  Ed
r
  V V V
Electric Fields and Potentials: V   E  dl Ex   Ey   Ez  
x y z
Q1Q2   Q
Electric Potential Energy (Point Charges): U  k c Gauss’s Law:  E   E  dA  Enclosed
r 0

1 1 Q2
Capacitance: Q  CV Capacitor Energy Storage: PE 
QV  CV 2 
2 2 2C
k d  0 A A PE 1
Parallel Plate Capacitor: C  E Field Energy Density:  0E2
d d volume 2
dq L
Electric Current: I  Ohm’s Law: V  IR Resistance: R   R  R0 [1   (T  T0 )]
dt A
V2
Electric Power: P  IV  I 2R  Battery Terminal Voltage: VT  E  Ir
R
1 1 1 C1  C2
Capacitors In Parallel: C EQ  C1  C 2 Capacitors In Series:   or C EQ 
C EQ C1 C2 C1  C 2
1 1 1 R R
Resistors In Series: R EQ  R1  R2  
Resistors In Parallel: or REQ  1 2
REQ R1 R2 R1  R2
Kirchoff’s Junction Rule: At any junction point, the sum of all currents entering a junction must
equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction.
Kirchoff’s Loop Rule: The sum of the changes in potential around any closed path of a circuit must
be zero.
 t
  t
 t
 RC   RC 
RC Circuit (Charging): VC  VSS 1  e  QC  QSS 1  e  I C  I 0e RC

   
t t t
RC Circuit (Discharging): VC  V0e RC QC  Q0e RC
I C  I 0e RC Time Constant:   RC
  
Magnetic Force On Moving Charge: F  qvBsin  F  qv  B

mv   0 I dl  rˆ
Circular Motion of Charged Particle in B Field: r  Biot-Savart: dB   2
qB 4 r
  
Magnetic Force On Current Carrying Wire: F  ILBsin  F  IL  B
 I  
Magnetic Field From Current Carrying Wire: B  0 Ampere’s Law:  B  dl   0 I ENC
2r
F  0 I1 I 2
Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Wire: 
L 2d
N
Magnetic Field in Solenoid: B   0 In   0 I Torque On Current Loop:   NIABsin 
L
  d B
Magnetic Flux:  B  B  A  BA cos Faraday’s Law of Induction: E   N
dt
EMF in Moving Conductor: E  BLv Electric Generators: E  NBAsin(t )
Vs N Is NP
Transformers:  s  Inductance: E   L dI
VP N P I P NS dt
0 N A 2
Inductor Energy: U 
1 2
Solenoid Inductance: L   0 n 2 Al  LI
l 2
  Rt
  Rt
RL Circuit (Charging): I L  I SS 1  e L 
 VL  V0e L

 
 Rt  Rt
RL Circuit (Discharging): VL  V0e L
I L  I 0e L Time Constant:   L / R
b
Complex Numbers: z  a  bi  z  a  z Cos b  z Sin z  a2  b2   Tan -1  
a
z1 z1
z1 z 2  z1 z 2 (1   2 )  (1   2 )
z2 z2
1 V0 I0
General AC Circuits: V0  I 0 z VRMS  I RMS z P  VRMS I RMS  V0 I 0 V RMS  I RMS 
2 2 2
Inductors in AC Circuits: X L  L  2fL Z L  iX L VL  IX L

Capacitors in AC Circuits: XC 
1

1 Z C  iX C VC  IX C
C 2fC
Series RLC AC Circuit: z  R  ( X L  X C )i z  R2  ( X L  X C )2  XL  XC 
  Tan1  
 R 
1 f c 
Index of Refraction: c  1
 f v EM    f    
 0 0  n n n
Law of Reflection:  i   R Snell’s Law: n1 Sin1  n2 Sin 2 Total Int. Refl.: Sin1  n2
n1
 
Energy Density: E Energy  1  0 E 2 B Energy B 2

Volume 2 Volume 2 0
Total Energy 1 1 2 B2
Electromagnetic Waves: E 0  cB0 E RMS  cBRMS   0 ERMS
2
 BRMS   0 ERMS
2
 RMS
Volume 2 2 0 0
Doppler Effect for EM Waves:  V  Polarization: E  E0Cos
f 0  f s 1  REL 
 c 

Mirrors/Lenses: f 
R 1

1

1 Magnification: M  hi   d i
2 f di d0 hO dO
Lens Sign Conventions: Focal Length (f): “+” for converging, “-“ for diverging
Object Distance (dO): “+” on left (real), “-“ on right (virtual)
Image Distance (di): “+” on right (real), “-“ on left (virtual)
Magnification (M): “+” upright, “-“ inverted
 m Constructive Small Angle Approximation
Double Slit Interference: d sin    Y
m  1 / 2 Destructive Sin 
L
(m  1 / 2) Constructive
Single Slit Interference: d sin   
 m Destructive

 1   m F Constructive 
Thin Film Interference: 2t    F    with  F 
2 m  1 / 2  F Destructive n
Differencein
Reflected
PhaseShift

 m Constructive
Bragg (X-Ray) Diffraction: 2d sin   
m  1 / 2 Destructive
1
Special Relativity: 
1 t  t 0 L L0 m  m0 p  mv  m0 v
1  v2 / c2 
V AB  V BC E 2  p 2 c 2  m02 c 4 E 0  m0 c 2 E  m0 c 2 KE  (  1)m0 c 2
V AC 
V V
1  AB 2 BC
c
hc h
Quantum Energy/Momentum: E  hf   pc p
 
h
Photoelectric Effect: KEMax  hf  W0 Compton Effect:  '  (1  Cos )
me c
 0h 2 e4 me 2 E0
Bohr Radius/Energy: r0  rn  n 2 r0 E0   Z  (13.6eV )Z 2 En 
me e 2 8 0 h
2 2
n2
h  h 
Heisenberg Uncertainty: (x)(p)   (E )(t )  
4 2 4 2