UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
ASSIGNMENT
COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS
COURSE CODE : ECW422
SEMESTER : MARCH 2023 – AUGUST 2023
DURATION : 12 MAY 2023 – 07 JULY 2023 (6 WEEKS)
SUBMISSION FORM
GROUP : CEEC222R2
LECTURER : TS. DR. IRMA NOORAZURAH BINTI MOHAMAD
GROUP LEADER & MUHAMMAD ARIFF DANIEL BIN HERMAN EFFANDY
:
STUDENT ID NO. 2022835666
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN SUHAIMI
:
2022621878
MUHAMMAD DARWISH NAJWAN BIN IRWAN
:
GROUP MEMBERS 2022478514
& STUDENT ID NO. MUHAMMAD YUSUF SANI BIN YUSOH
:
2022663784
LUQMAN HAQIM BIN ISMAIL
:
2022455806
Task 1:
_____________ / 2.5 MARKS
(CO1-PO1)(C3)
Task 1:
_____________ / 2.5 MARKS
(CO1-PO1)(C3)
Task 2:
_____________ / 5 MARKS
PROTOTYPE, (CO2-PO2)(C6)
PRESENTATION & : Task 3:
REPORT _____________ / 5 MARKS
(CO2-PO2)(C4)
Task 4:
_____________ / 5 MARKS
(CO1-PO1)(C5)
TOTAL = _____________ / 20 MARKS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
ASSIGNMENT
COURSE : FLUID MECHANICS
COURSE CODE : ECW422
SEMESTER : MARCH 2023 – AUGUST 2023
DURATION : 12 MAY 2023 – 07 JULY 2023 (6 WEEKS)
STUDENT’S PREPARATION/LEARNING TIME
Please allocate the actual accumulation time spent on preparing this project.
PREPARATION
NO. STUDENT NAME & ID. NO. TASK
TIME (HOURS)
MUHAMMAD ARIFF DANIEL BIN
prototype 72 hours
1. HERMAN EFFANDY
2022835666
MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN SUHAIMI report 72 hours
2.
2022621878
MUHAMMAD DARWISH NAJWAN BIN
prototype 72 hours
3. IRWAN
2022478514
MUHAMMAD YUSUF SANI BIN YUSOH report 72 hours
4.
2022663784
LUQMAN HAKIM BIN ISMAIL prototype 72 hours
5.
2022455806
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Floodgates are structures designed to control the flow of water in rivers, canals, or other bodies
of water. They play a crucial role in managing water levels and preventing floods in areas that are
prone to excessive water accumulation. Floodgates are typically built as barriers across water
channels and can be operated manually or automatically to regulate the volume of water passing
through.
The primary purpose of a floodgate is to manage the water flow by either allowing or restricting
its passage. During periods of normal water levels, floodgates can remain open, allowing water to
flow freely. However, when water levels rise significantly, such as during heavy rainfall or snowmelt,
floodgates can be closed to limit the amount of water passing through. By doing so, floodgates help
prevent or minimise flooding in downstream areas that are vulnerable to excessive water levels.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To apply the concept of pressure and force of non-moving objects in a fluid system.
2. To analyse the hydrostatic force acting on a floodgate and solve the problem given based on
the concept of pressure and force.
3. To demonstrate the stability of the designed floodgate due to reaction force.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This project aims to apply your knowledge and expertise of pressure and hydrostatic force
principle to your basic understanding of fluid mechanics by designing floodgates that use sustainable
materials that follow the concepts of hydrostatic force.
How to collect and analyse data
We used two methods for data collection which are qualitative methods. Our group is divided
into five members. We discuss the general area of the problem which is the hydrostatic force of
floodgate. Each individual gives their view on the issues.
Tools and Material
NO. Tools and Material Description
1. Hot glue gun To combine material in our project
2. Ruler To measure the length, height and width of floodgate
3. Cutter To cut the cardboard PVC and foam sheet
4. Scissor To cut tape
5. Tape To combine all component of the project
6. Pen To sketch design of our project
7. Cardboard PVC To create gate
8. Polystyrene Used for main body
9. Foam sheet To cover the bottom and the edge of the gate
PROCEDURE:
1. Firstly, we cut the PVC cardboard according to the size of the gate that desire with cutter.
2. Foam sheet is cut according to the size of the gate with scissor. Foam sheet will be use to cover
the bottom and the edge of the gate.
3. By using hot glue gun, we glue the PVC cardboard and foam sheet together to ensure the water
does not flow through it.
4. Excess foam sheet also used to create the base of the gate to make sure the gate fit well in the
polystyrene box.
4.0 RESULTS
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FORCE
Hydrostatic pressure force is pressure multiplied by the surface area of submerged surface in a fluid,
which is :
F = PA = ρgA
The magnitude of the hydrostatic pressure force acting on the plane surface is :
F = ρgA
where,
A = area of the submerged part of the wet part of the plane surface.
hG = the vertical height from the centre of gravity of the wet surface to the fluid surface.
LOCATION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FORCE
The location of the hydrostatic pressure force, F is vertical height, hp from the fluid surface which is :
𝐼𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
hp = + ℎ𝐺
ℎ𝐺𝐴
where,
𝜃 = the inclined angle of the plane surface with respect to the horizontal fluid surface. If the plane
surface is vertical, then 𝜃 = 90 and if the plane surface is horizontal, 𝜃 = 0.
IG = the moment of inertia about the horizontal line through the centre of gravity of the submerged
surface.
Floodgate measurement
Height = 0.15 m
Length = 0.198 m
Width = 0.013 m
Area = height x length
ℎ 𝑏ℎ3
ρ=1000 , ℎ𝐺 = 2 , 𝐼𝐺 = 12
water level at 0.15m:
Magnitude of hydrostatic force:
A = 0.15 x 0.198
= 0.028𝑚2
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
0.15
ℎ𝐺 = = 0.075𝑚
2
F = 1000(9.81)(0.075)(0.028)
= 20.601 N
Location of hydrostatic hydrostatic pressure force:
0.198(0.15)3
𝐼𝐺 =
12
= 5.57 x 10−5 𝑚4
(5.57 × 10−5 )𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90
hp = + 0.075
0.075(2.97)
= 0.0753m
Reaction force diagram:
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ;
R(0.15) – F(hp) = 0
R(0.15) – (20.601)(0.0753) = 0
R = 10.34 N
Fluid surface
0.0753 m
Water
F 0.15 m
Location of hydrostatic force, hP
Pressure diagram:
1
F = 2 𝑝𝑔ℎ(ℎ)
1
F = 2 (1000)(9.81)(0.15)(0.15)
= 110.363N
Water level at 0.13m:
Magnitude of hydrostatic force:
A = 0.13 x 0.198
= 0.026𝑚2
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
0.13
ℎ𝐺 = 2 = 0.065m
F = 1000(9.81)(0.065)(0.026)
= 16.579N
Location of hydrostatic hydrostatic pressure force:
0.198(0.13)3
𝐼𝐺 =
12
= 3.625 x 10−5 𝑚4
(3.625 × 10−5) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90
hp = + 0.065
0.075(1.485)
= 0.0864m
Reaction force diagram:
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ;
R(0.13) – F(hp) = 0
R(0.13) – (16.579)(0.0864) = 0
R = 11.02 N
Fluid surface
0.0864 m
Water
F 0.13 m
Location of hydrostatic
force, hP
Water level at 0.10m (open gate):
Magnitude of hydrostatic force:
RHS LHS
A= 0.10 x 0.198 A = 0.05 x 0.198
= 0.0198 𝑚2 = 9.9 x 10−3 𝑚2
0.05
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ℎ𝐺 = 2 = 0.025m
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
0.10
ℎ𝐺 = 2 = 0.05m
F = 1000(9.81)(0.05)(0.0198) F = 1000(9.81)(0.025)(9.9 x 10−3)
= 9.711N = 2.428N
Location of hydrostatic hydrostatic pressure force:
RHS
0.198(0.10)3
𝐼𝐺 = 12
= 1.65 x 10−5 𝑚4
(1.65 × 10−5) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90
hp = + 0.05
0.05(0.0198)
= 0.0667m
LHS
0.198(0.05)3
𝐼𝐺 =
12
= 2.06 x 10−6 𝑚4
(2.06 × 10−6) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90
hp= + 0.025
0.025(9.9×10−3 )
= 0.0333m
Reaction Force Diagram :
RHS LHS
𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0 ; R(0.05) – (2.428)(0.0333) = 0
R(0.10) – F(hp) = 0 R = 1.61 N
R(0.10) – (9.711)(0.0667) = 0
R = 6.48 N
Action force
Reaction force Fluid surface
0.0667 m
Water
Location of 0.10 m
hydrostatic force, hP
0.0
5m
5.0 DISCUSSION
The floodgate project can be discussed in relation to the hydrostatic pressure force and its location.
The hydrostatic pressure force is critical in determining the flow behaviour and the effectiveness of
the floodgate in regulating water discharge in the context of the floodgate system.
The weight of the fluid column above a given point in a fluid system produces the hydrostatic pressure
force. The hydrostatic pressure force acting on the floodgate changes as it is opened and closed. When
the gate is closed, the hydrostatic pressure force acting on it is at its greatest, because the weight of the
fluid column above the gate is concentrated on the gate surface. This generates a substantial force that
must be countered in order to control the flow of water.
In floodgate design, the location of the hydrostatic pressure force is crucial. Typically, the force is
applied at a specific point on the gate surface, which must be carefully accounted for in structural
design and strength calculations. The distribution of hydrostatic pressure force along the gate surface
affects the floodgate system's stability and integrity.
1.Hydrostatic Force
The hydrostatic force acting on a surface immersed in a fluid is determined by the density of the fluid,
gravity's acceleration, the height of the fluid column, and the surface's cross-sectional area.
The hydrostatic forces can be calculated using the equation F = pgℎ𝐺 A, which represents the density
of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h denotes the height of the water column, and A
represents the cross-sectional area of the wet surface.
For example, the calculated hydrostatic force at a water level of 0.15m is 20.601 N. Similarly,
hydrostatic forces are measured to be 16.579 N at water level 0.13m and 9.711 N for right hand side
(RHS) at water level 0.10m and 2.428N for left hand side (LHS) at water levels 0.05, respectively.
2. location of hydrostatic pressure force
The height of the hydrostatic pressure (hp) from the base of the floodgate can be used to calculate the
location of the hydrostatic pressure force.
The hp values corresponding to each water level measurement can be obtained by considering the
relationship between hydrostatic pressure and the water level.
At a water level of 0.15m, for example, the calculated hp is 0.075m. Similarly, the hp values at 0.13m
is 0.086m and 0.067m (RHS) at water level 0.10m and 0.0333m(LHS) at water level 0.05m ,
respectively.
6.0 CONCLUSION
Floodgates are built to withstand the hydrostatic forces imposed by water in order to
avoid failure or damage. When designing floodgates, engineers carefully calculate and
evaluate the hydrostatic forces to ensure their stability and functionality under varied
flood scenarios.
The hydrostatic force can be beneficially used to regulate water levels in a controlled
manner by altering the position of floodgates. Floodgates can be closed during periods
of severe rainfall or high water levels to control the flow of water and prevent it from
inundating susceptible locations. Floodgates, on the other hand, can be opened at
periods of low water levels to allow water to flow out and maintain a balance in the
water system.
Finally, floodgate are built to withstand these forces and to control water
flow in order to safeguard communities and infrastructure from the harmful impacts of
flooding.
7.0 REFERENCE
1. BYJU’S Exam Prep. (2022, October 4). Hydrostatic Force: Definition, Formula, Applications.
Gradeup from https://byjusexamprep.com/hydrostatic-force-i
2. Newton. (2023, June 24). Fluid Mechanics (handwritten) study Notes free PDF Mit Gate.
NewtonDesk from https://www.newtondesk.com/fluid-mechanics-study-notes-hand-written/
3. US Army Corps of Engineers. (31 July 1995). Engineering manual 1110-2-2607 from
https://web.archive.org/web/20100330084813/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-
manuals/em1110-2-2607/toc.htm
Appendix A: Rubrics for Floodgate Project (Semester: March 2023 – August 2023)
Performance Complex Problems Very Poor Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent Marks
Criteria (WP)
ORAL PRESENTATION (5%)
1. Introduction WP1: Depth of Ability to demonstrate the knowledge profiles (WK3-fundamental knowledge) and WK4 (specialist knowledge) used to analyze the given problems (2.5%)
and storyline. Knowledge Required =
(CO1, PO1) (C3) in-depth engineering 1 2 3 4 5 Weightage x 2.5
knowledge at the level of Poor demonstration of Lack of demonstration of Fair demonstration of Good demonstration of Excellent demonstration
WK3 & WK4 using knowledge profiles (used both WK3 & WK4 both WK3 & WK4. both WK3 & WK4. of both WK3 & WK4
fundamental, first only WK3)
principles analytical Ability to clearly explain the principle of pressure and hydrostatic force towards providing a suitable design and sustainability of the floodgate
approach (suitable materials & dimensions) (2.5%)
1 2 3 4 5 Weightage x 2.5
Most of the Lack of content based on Missing some Only a few of the All the facts/principles
facts/principles facts/principles and facts/principles but facts/principles were presented were correct.
explained were wrong. wrongly explained. Poor acceptable points and missing yet includes most Also covered all points
explanation regarding explanations regarding of the points regarding regarding the floodgate.
the floodgate. the floodgate. floodgate.
PROTOTYPE (5%)
2. Development WP3: Depth of analysis Ability to develop a prototype with demonstration of the stability of the floodgate based on the chosen materials and dimensions
of floodgate = no obvious solution, (stable floodgate at different flow depths) (5%)
prototype with abstract thinking, 1 2 3 4 5 Weightage x 1
functionality and originality The prototype is unable The prototype is showing The prototype is fairly The prototype is The prototype is excellent
sustainable to show clear weak functionality and demonstrating the moderately demonstrating in demonstrating the
materials. functionality and use use some sustainable functionality and the functionality and functionality and relevant
(CO2, PO2) (C6) vigorous material. material. sustainable material relevant sustainable sustainable material
used. material used. used.
REPORT (10%)
3. Complete the WP4; Familiarity of Ability to carry out a complete calculation using the pressure and hydrostatic force theory (5%)
calculation in issues = Select 1 2 3 4 5 Weightage x 1
technical report. formula/procedures to Wrong calculation and Some of the calculations Calculations were done Calculations were clearly Calculations were
(CO2, PO2) (C4) resolve infrequently no were wrong but able to correctly with one (1) written with substantial clearly written with
encountered issues justification/explanation explain/justify 1 of the explanation/justification 1 explanation/justification excellent
on the design parameter location of the hydrostatic of the location of the of two (2) of the location explanation/justification
of the floodgate. force, hp, and show the hydrostatic force, hp, and of the hydrostatic force, of two (2) or more of the
pressure distribution show the pressure hp, show the pressure location of the
diagram of the floodgate. distribution diagram of the distribution diagram of hydrostatic force, hp,
floodgate. the floodgate. show the pressure
distribution diagram of
the floodgate.
4. Justify WP1: Depth of Ability to justify the working principle of a floodgate that can be opened and closed to control the flow of water (5%)
creativity Knowledge 1 2 3 4 5 Weightage x 1
towards the Required = in-depth Wrong principle/formula Correct principle/justify 2 Correct Correct Correct
achievement of engineering is used. (two) reaction forces and principle/justification of principle/justification of principle/justification of
the knowledge at the not refer to the floodgate three (3) reaction four (4) reaction forces more than five (5) reaction
formulae/procedu level of WK3 & WK4 design. forces and refer to the and refer to the floodgate forces and refer to the
res (justify the using fundamental, floodgate design. design. floodgate design.
calculation of first principles
selected analytical approach
principles)
(CO1, PO1) (C5)
TOTAL MARKS /20
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