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Network Calculations

The two sources will be equivalent if VL

and IL are the same for both circuits.

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Consider the simple system:

Its reactance diagram, with reactances in per unit, is found by

replacing all elements of the system with their equivalent
circuits.

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The circuit is redrawn to replace the emfs and series

impedances with equivalent current sources and shunt
admittances.

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Rearranging the equations,

In matrix form,

The standard form of n independent equations:

The equation can also be written as:

Ybus is also called Bus Admittance Matrix.

Ykk = self-admittance, the sum of all admittances terminating
on the node (diagonal elements)
Ykn = mutual admittance, the negative of the admittances
connected directly between the nodes identifed by the double
subscripts

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The static components (transformers and lines) are

represented by its bus admittance matrix, Ybus

The number of buses (excluding the neutral bus) determines

the dimension of the bus admittance, Ybus.

For the network shown below, determine the matrix form of

the node equations necessary to solve for the numbered bus
voltages. The emfs shown are Ea = 1.5∠00, Eb = 1.5∠-36.870,
and Ec = 1.5∠00, all in per unit.

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From the given impedance diagram of the network, determine

its admittance diagram.

The current sources are:

1 .5 ∠ 0 0
I1 = I 3 = = 1 . 2 ∠ − 90 0 = 0 − j1 . 20 per unit
j1 . 25

1.5∠ − 36.87 0
I2 = = 1.2∠ − 126.87 0 = −0.72 − j0.96 per unit
j1.25

Self-admittances in per unit are:

Y11 = - j5.0 – j4.0 – j0.8 = -j9.8

Y22 = - j5.0 – j2.5 – j0.8 = -j8.3
Y33 = - j4.0 – j2.5 – j8.0 - j0.8 = -j15.3
Y44 = - j5.0 – j5.0 – j8.0 = -j18.0

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And the mutual admittances in per unit are:

Y12 = Y21 = 0 Y23 = Y32 = +j2.5

Y13 = Y31 = +j4.0 Y24 = Y42 = +j5.0
Y14 = Y41 = +j5.0 Y34 = Y43 = +j8.0

The node equations in matrix form are:

0 – j 1.2 - j9.8 j0.0 j4.0 j5.0 V1

-0.72 – j0.96 j0.0 -j8.3 j2.5 j5.0 V2
=
0 – j1.20 j4.0 j2.5 -j15.3 j8.0 V3
0 j5.0 j5.0 j8.0 -j18.0 V4

[I] = [Ybus] [V]

Numerical Methods

Direct Methods
a) Cramer’s Rule
b) Matrix Inversion
c) Gauss Method
d) Gauss-Jordan Method

Iterative Methods
a) Gauss Iterative Method
b) Gauss-Seidel Method
c) Newton-Raphson Method

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Solve the bus voltages of the previous example using matrix

inversion.

Solution:
[I] = [Ybus] [V]

Multiply both sides with [Ybus]-1

[Ybus]-1 [I] = [Ybus]-1 [Ybus][V]

Therefore:
[V] = [Ybus]-1 [I]

From the previous problem:

[I] = [Ybus] [V]

0 – j 1.2 - j9.8 j0.0 j4.0 j5.0 V1

-0.72 – j0.96
= j0.0 -j8.3 j2.5 j5.0 V2
0 – j1.20 j4.0 j2.5 -j15.3 j8.0 V3
0 j5.0 j5.0 j8.0 -j18.0 V4

Inverting the bus admittance matrix will result:

j0.4774 j0.3706 j0.4020 j0.4142

[Ybus]-1 = j0.3706 j0.4872 j0.3922 j0.4126
j0.4020 j0.3922 j0.4558 j0.4232
j0.4142 j0.4126 j0.4232 j0.4733

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Therefore:

[V] = [Ybus]-1 [I]

V1 j0.4774 j0.3706 j0.4020 j0.4142 0 – j 1.2

V2 = j0.3706 j0.4872 j0.3922 j0.4126 -0.72 – j0.96
V3 j0.4020 j0.3922 j0.4558 j0.4232 0 – j1.20
V4 j0.4142 j0.4126 j0.4232 j0.4733 0

V1 1.4111 - j0.2668
V2 = 1.3830 - j0.3508
V3 1.4059 - j0.2824
V4 1.4009 - j0.2971

The bus voltages are:

V1 = 1.4111 - j0.2668 = 1.436∠-10.710 per unit

V2 = 1.3830 - j0.3508 = 1.427∠-14.240 per unit
V3 = 1.4059 - j0.2824 = 1.434∠-11.360 per unit
V4 = 1.4009 - j0.2971 = 1.432∠-11.970 per unit

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Only those nodes (buses) at which current does not enter or

leave the network can be eliminated.
The column matrices must be so arranged that elements
associated with the nodes to be eliminated are in the lower
rows of the matrices.
The admittance matrix is partitioned so that elements
identified only with those nodes to be eliminated are
separated from the other elements by horizontal and vertical
lines.
[I] = [Ybus] [V]

IA K L VA
=
IX LT M VX

Where:
IX – the submatrix composed of the currents entering the
nodes to be eliminated. Every element here is zero.
VX – the submatrix composed of voltages of the nodes to be
eliminated.
K – self and mutual admittances identified with the nodes to
be retained.
M – self and mutual admittances identified with the nodes to
be eliminated.
L, LT – are composed of the mutual admittances common to
nodes to be retained and to be eliminated.

IA K VA + L VX
=
IX LT VA + M VX

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Since all the elements in IX are zeros, in the lower portion:

VX = - M-1 LT VA

Substitute in the upper portion:

IA = K VA - L M-1 LT VA

[ IA ] = [ K - L M-1 LT ] [VA ]

[ IA ] = [ Ybus ] [VA ]
Therefore the new bus admittance matrix:

[ Ybus ]new = [ K - L M-1 LT ]

In the bus admittance matrix of examples 1 & 2, eliminate

node 4 and construct the new equivalent admittance diagram
of the network. Determine also the bus voltages.
Solution:
[I] = [Ybus] [V]

IA K L VA
=
IX LT M VX

0 – j 1.2 - j9.8 j0.0 j4.0 j5.0 V1

-0.72 – j0.96 j0.0 -j8.3 j2.5 j5.0 V2
=
0 – j1.20 j4.0 j2.5 -j15.3 j8.0 V3
0 j5.0 j5.0 j8.0 -j18.0 V4

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[ Ybus ]new = [ K - L M-1 LT ]

- j9.8 j0.0 j4.0 j5.0

[Ybus]new = j0.0 -j8.3 j2.5 - j5.0 -j18.0 -1 j5.0 j5.0 j8.0
j4.0 j2.5 -j15.3 j8.0

- j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222

[Ybus]new = j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222
j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444

The new matrix equation: [ IA ] = [ Ybus ] [VA ]

0 – j 1.2 - j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222 V1
-0.72 – j0.96 = j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222 V2
0 – j1.20 j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444 V3

The new admittance diagram of the network with

bus 4 eliminated.

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Using Cramer’s Rule in determining the bus voltages:

0 – j 1.2 - j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222 V1

-0.72 – j0.96 = j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222 V2
0 – j1.20 j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444 V3

0 – j 1.2 j1.3889 j6.2222

-0.72 – j0.96 -j6.9111 j4.7222
0 – j1.20 j4.7222 -j11.7444 3.2900 + j1.7398e+2
V1 = =
- j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222 0 + j1.2330e+2
j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222
j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444

V1 = 1.4111 - j0.2668 = 1.436∠-10.710 per unit

-j8.4111 0 – j 1.2 j6.2222

j1.3889 -0.72 – j0.96 j4.7222
j6.2222 0 – j1.20 -j11.7444 4.3249 + j1.7053e+2
V2 = - j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222 = 0 + j1.2330e+2
j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222
j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444

V2 = 1.3831 - j0.3508 = 1.427∠-14.240 per unit

-j8.4111 j1.3889 0 – j 1.2

j1.3889 -j6.9111 -0.72 – j0.96
j6.2222 j4.7222 0 – j1.20 3.4820 + j1.7334e+2
V3 = =
- j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222 0 + j1.2330e+2
j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222
j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444

V3 = 1.4059 - j0.2824 = 1.434∠-11.360 per unit

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Using the original equations V4 can be determined:

I4 = Y41V1 + Y42V2 + Y43V3 + Y44V4

0 = j5.0(1.436∠-10.710) + j5.0(1.427∠-14.240)
+ j8.0(1.434∠-11.360) - j18.0 V4

V4 = 1.4009 - j0.2971 = 1.432∠-11.970 per unit

Y11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1j ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1n

: : : where:
Ybus = Yk1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykn k – variable for row
: : : j – variable for column
Yn1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ynj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ynn n – final row or column

[ Ybus ]new = [ K - L M-1 LT ]

Y11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1j ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1n

: : : 1
Ybus(new) = - Y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ynj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Yk1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykn Ynn n1
: : :

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Y11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1j ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Y1n

: : : 1
Ybus(new) = - Y ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ynj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Yk1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykj ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Ykn Ynn n1
: : :

Ykn Ynj
Ykj(new) = Ykj(old) -
Ynn

In the bus admittance matrix of examples 1 & 2, eliminate

node 4 using node elimination one at a time

Solution: - j9.8 j0.0 j4.0 j5.0

j0.0 -j8.3 j2.5 j5.0
Ybus =
j4.0 j2.5 -j15.3 j8.0
j5.0 j5.0 j8.0 -j18.0

Ykn Ynj
Ykj(new) = Ykj(old) -
Ynn

Y11(new) = -j9.8 – j5.0(j5.0)/(-j18.0) = -j8.4111

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Y12(new) = j0.0 – j5.0 (j5.0) / (-j18.0) = j1.3889

Y13(new) = j4.0 – j5.0 (j8.0) / (-j18.0) = j6.2222
Y22(new) = -j8.3 – j5.0 (j5.0) / (-j18.0) = -j6.9111
Y23(new) = j2.5 – j5.0 (j8.0) / (-j18.0) = j4.7222
Y33(new) = -j15.3 – j8.0 (j8.0) / (-j18.0) = -j11.7444

- j8.4111 j1.3889 j6.2222

[Ybus]new = j1.3889 -j6.9111 j4.7222
j6.2222 j4.7222 -j11.7444

A capacitor having a reactance of 5.0 per unit is connected

to node 4 of the circuit of Examples 1 and 2. The emf’s Ea,
Eb, and Ec remain the same as in those examples. Find the
current drawn by the capacitor.
Solution:
Using Thevenin’s Theorem, Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit behind
node 4 before the capacitor is connected:
◦ Eth = V4 = 1.432∠-11.970 per unit
◦ Zth = Z44 = j0.4733 per unit

E th 1.432 ∠ − 11.97 0
IC = = = 0.316 ∠ 78.03 0 per unit
Z th + Z C j0.4733 − j5.0

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If a current of – 0.316∠78.030 per unit is injected into the

network at node 4 of Examples 1, 2, and 5, find the
resulting voltages at buses 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Solution:
Using Superposition Theorem, with sources taken out, the current of -
0.316∠78.030 per unit will cause voltages to buses 1 to 4:

◦ V1(C) = I4Z14 = -0.316∠78.030 (j0.4142) = 0.1309∠-11.970 per unit

◦ V2(C) = I4Z24 = -0.316∠78.030 (j0.4126) = 0.1304∠-11.970 per unit
◦ V3(C) = I4Z34 = -0.316∠78.030 (j0.4232) = 0.1337∠-11.970 per unit
◦ V4(C) = I4Z44 = -0.316∠78.030 (j0.4733) = 0.1496∠-11.970 per unit

By Superposition, the resulting bus voltages are determined

by adding the voltages caused by the current injected to the
original bus voltages:

Vbus(new) = Vbus(orig) + Vbus(C)

◦ V1(new) = 1.436 ∠-10.710 + 0.1309∠-11.970 = 1.567 ∠-10.810 per unit

◦ V2(new) = 1.427 ∠-14.20 + 0.1304∠-11.970 = 1.557 ∠-14.040 per unit
◦ V3(new) = 1.434 ∠-11.40 + 0.1337∠-11.970 = 1.568 ∠-11.410 per unit
◦ V4(new) = 1.432 ∠-11.970 + 0.1496∠-11.970 = 1.582 ∠-11.970 per unit

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Case 1: Adding Zb from a new bus p to the reference bus.

Ik
k Orig. network
with bus k and
the reference
Ip
bus extracted
p
Zb

0 0

Ik Orig. network
k with bus k
and the
Ip reference bus
p extracted
Zb

0 0

V1 0 I1
V2 0 I2
Zbus(orig)
: = : :
Vn 0 In
Vp 0 0 ⋅⋅⋅ 0 Zb Ip

Zbus(new)

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Case 2: Adding Zb from a new bus p to existing bus k.

Ik Ik + Ip
k Orig. network
with bus k and
the reference
Ip
bus extracted
p
Zb

Ik Ik + Ip
k Orig. network
with bus k and
the reference
Ip
bus extracted
p
Zb

V1 Z1k I1
V2 Z2k I2
Zbus(orig)
: = : :
Vn Znk In
Vp Zk1 Zk2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Zkn Zkk + Zb Ip

Zbus(new)

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Case 3: Adding Zb from an existing bus k to the reference bus.

Ik Ik + Ip
k Orig. network
with bus k and
the reference
Zb bus extracted
Ib

0 0

Ik Ik + Ip
k Orig. network
with bus k and
the reference
Zb bus extracted
Ib

0 0

V1 Z1k I1
V2 Z2k I2
Zbus(orig)
: = : :
Vn Znk In
0 Zk1 Zk2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Zkn Zkk + Zb Ib

Zbus(new)

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V1 Z1k I1
V2 Z2k I2
Zbus(orig)
: = : :
Vn Znk In
0 Zk1 Zk2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Zkn Zkk + Zb Ib

Zbus(new)

Since Vref is zero, perform node elimination.

Case 4: Adding Zb between existing buses j and k.

Ij Ij + Ib
j Orig. network
with buses j, k
Ib Zb and reference
bus extracted
k
Ik Ik - Ib

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Ij Ij + Ib
j Orig. network
with buses j, k
Ib Zb and reference
bus extracted
k
Ik Ik - Ib

Zbus(new) 0

V1 Z1j - Z1k I1
: : :
Vj Zbus(orig) Zjj - Zjk Ij
Vk Zkj - Zkk Ik
: = : :
Vn Znj - Znk In
0 (Zj1 - Zk1) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Zkj - Zkk) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Zbb Ib

V1 Z1j - Z1k I1
: : :
Vj Zbus(orig) Zjj - Zjk Ij
Vk Zkj - Zkk Ik
: = : :
Vn Znj - Znk In
0 (Zj1 - Zk1) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Zkj - Zkk) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Zbb Ib

Zbus(new)

Zbb = Zb + Zjj + Zkk – 2 Zjk

Since element here is zero, perform node elimination.

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For the network in Example 1, determine the bus impedance

matrix using direct determination. Indicate the cases used in
steps of the solution. The emfs are Ea = 1.5∠00, Eb = 1.5∠-
36.870, and Ec = 1.5∠00, all in per unit.

The network sources taken out:

Step 1, case 1: adding j1.25 from bus 1 to the reference.

(p = 1; Zb = j1.25)
1
Zbus = 1 [j1.25]

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Step 2, case 1: adding j1.25 from bus 2 to the reference.

(p = 2; Zb = j1.25)

1 2
1 j1.25 0
Zbus = 2
0 j1.25

Step 3, case 2: adding j0.25 from bus 3 to bus 1.

(p = 3; k = 1; Zb = j0.25)

1 2 3
1 j1.25 0 j1.25
Zbus = 2 0 j1.25 0
3 j1.25 0 j1.50

Step 4, case 3a: adding j1.25 from bus 3

to the reference. (k = 3; Zb = j1.25)

1 2 3
1 j1.25 0 j1.25 j1.25
Zbus = 2 0 j1.25 0 0
3 j1.25 0 j1.50 j1.50
j1.25 0 j1.50 j2.75

Case 3b: node elimination.

1 2 3
1 j0.68182 0 j0.56818
Zbus = 2 0 j1.25 0
3 j0.56818 0 j0.68182

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Step 5, case 4a: adding j0.4 between bus

3 and bus 2. (j = 2; k = 3; Zb = j0.4)

1 2 3
1 j0.68182 0 j0.56818 -j0.56818
2 0 j1.25 0 j1.25
Zbus = 3 j0.56818 0 j0.68182 -j0.68182
-j0.56818 j1.25 -j0.68182 j2.33182

Case 4b: node elimination.

1 2 3
1 j0.54338 j0.30458 j0.40205
Zbus = 2 j0.30458 j0.57992 j0.36550
3 j0.40205 j0.36550 j0.48246

Step 6, case 2: adding j0.2 from bus 4 to

bus 1. (p = 4; k = 2; Zb = j0.2)

1 2 3 4
1 j0.54338 j0.30458 j0.40205 j0.30458
2 j0.30458 j0.57992 j0.36550 j0.57992
Zbus =
3 j0.40205 j0.36550 j0.48246 j0.36550
4 j0.30458 j0.57992 j0.36550 j0.77992

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Step 7, case 4a: adding j0.2 between bus 1 and bus 4.

(j = 1; k = 4; Zb = j0.2)

1 2 3 4
1 j0.54338 j0.30458 j0.40205 j0.30458 j0.23880
2 j0.30458 j0.57992 j0.36550 j0.57992 -j0.27534
Zbus = 3 j0.40205 j0.36550 j0.48246 j0.36550 j0.03655
4 j0.30458 j0.57992 j0.36550 j0.77992 -j0.47534
j0.23880 -j0.27534 j0.03655 -j0.47534 j0.91414

case 4b: node elimination

1 2 3 4
1 j0.48100 j0.37651 j0.39250 j0.42875
2 j0.37651 j0.49699 j0.37651 j0.43675
Zbus =
3 j0.39250 j0.37651 j0.48100 j0.38451
4 j0.42875 j0.43675 j0.38451 j0.53275

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Step 8, case 4a: adding j0.125 between bus 3 and bus

4. (j = 3; k = 4; Zb = j0.125)

1 2 3 4
1 j0.48100 j0.37651 j0.39250 j0.42875 -j0.03625
2 j0.37651 j0.49699 j0.37651 j0.43675 -j0.06024
Zbus =
3 j0.39250 j0.37651 j0.48100 j0.38451 j0.09649
4 j0.42875 j0.43675 j0.38451 j0.53275 -j0.14824
-j0.03625 -j0.06024 j0.09649 -j0.14824 j0.36973

case 4b: node elimination.

1 2 3 4
1 j0.48100 j0.37651 j0.39250 j0.42875 -j0.03625
2 j0.37651 j0.49699 j0.37651 j0.43675 -j0.06024
Zbus =
3 j0.39250 j0.37651 j0.48100 j0.38451 j0.09649
4 j0.42875 j0.43675 j0.38451 j0.53275 -j0.14824
-j0.03625 -j0.06024 j0.09649 -j0.14824 j0.36973

1 2 3 4
1 j0.47745 j0.37060 j0.40196 j0.41422
2 j0.37060 j0.48718 j0.39223 j0.41260
Zbus =
3 j0.40196 j0.39223 j0.45582 j0.42320
4 j0.41422 j0.41260 j0.42320 j0.47331

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