A
PRESENTATION
on
“TRANSFORMER”
In Department of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO:- HOD EE DEPT. SUBMITTED BY:-
DR. PRABHAT KUMAR BITTU KUMAR SONI.
Arya College Engineering and IT, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota (Raj)
TRANSFORMERS
ASSEMBLY
TRANSFORMER
AN A.C. DEVICE USED TO CHANGE HIGH VOLTAGE LOW
CURRENT A.C. INTO LOW VOLTAGE HIGH CURRENT A.C. AND VICE-
VERSA WITHOUT CHANGING THE FREQUENCY.
IN BRIEF,
1. TRANSFERS ELECTRIC POWER FROM ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER.
2. IT DOES SO WITHOUT A CHANGE OF FREQUENCY.
3. IT ACCOMPLISHES THIS BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
4. WHERE THE TWO ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ARE IN MUTUAL INDUCTIVE
INFLUENCE OF EACH OTHER.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
It is based on principle of MUTUAL INDUCTION.
According to which an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when current in the neighboring coil changes.
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAIL : SHELL
TYPE
• Windings are wrapped around the center leg of a
laminated core.
CORE TYPE
• Windings are wrapped around two sides of a
laminated square core.
SECTIONAL VIEW OF TRANSFORMERS
Note:
High voltage conductors are smaller cross section conductors
than the low voltage coils.
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER FROM
STAMPINGS
CORE TYPE
Fig1: Coil and laminations of core Fig2: Various types of cores
type transformer
SHELL TYPE
Fig: Sandwich windings
• WHERE HV WINDING LIES BETWEEN TWO LV WINDINGS
• IN SANDWICH COILS LEAKAGE CAN BE CONTROLLED
• THE HV AND LV WINDINGS ARE SPLIT INTO NO. OF SECTIONS
CUT VIEW OF TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER WITH CONSERVATOR
AND BREATHER
WORKING OF A TRANSFORMER
1. WHEN CURRENT IN THE PRIMARY COIL CHANGES BEING
ALTERNATING IN NATURE, A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD IS
PRODUCED
2. THIS CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD GETS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
SECONDARY THROUGH THE SOFT IRON CORE
3. HENCE MAGNETIC FLUX LINKED WITH THE SECONDARY COIL
CHANGES.
4. WHICH INDUCES E.M.F. IN THE SECONDARY.
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
• ZERO LEAKAGE FLUX:-FLUXES PRODUCED BY THE PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY CURRENTS ARE
CONFINED WITHIN THE CORE
• THE WINDINGS HAVE NO RESISTANCE:
- INDUCED VOLTAGES EQUAL APPLIED VOLTAGES
• THE CORE HAS INFINITE PERMEABILITY
- RELUCTANCE OF THE CORE IS ZERO
- NEGLIGIBLE CURRENT IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH MAGNETIC
FLUX
• LOSS-LESS MAGNETIC CORE
- NO HYSTERESIS OR EDDY CURRENTS
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
V1 – supply voltage , I1- no load input current,
V2- output voltage, I2- output current
Im- magnetizing current,
E1-self induced e.m.f , E2- mutually induced e.m.f
PHASOR DIAGRAM: TRANSFORMER
ON NO-LOAD
TRANSFORMER ON LOAD ASSUMING NO
VOLTAGE DROP IN THE WINDING
Fig:- shows the Phasor diagram of a transformer on load by
assuming.
1. No voltage drop in the winding
2. Equal no. of primary and secondary turns
TRANSFORMER ON LOAD
Fig. a: Ideal transformer on load Fig. b: Main flux and leakage
flux in a transformer
CONDITIONS
• THE EFFECT OF CIRCUIT PARAMETERS SHOULDN’T BE CHANGED WHILE
TRANSFERRING THE PARAMETERS FROM ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER SIDE
• IT CAN BE PROVED THAT A RESISTANCE OF R2 IN SEC. IS EQUIVALENT
TO R2/K2 WILL BE DENOTED AS R2’(IE. EQUIVALENT SEC. RESISTANCE
W.R.T PRIMARY) WHICH WOULD HAVE CAUSED THE SAME LOSS AS R2
IN SECONDARY,
I 12 R2' I 22 R2
2
I2
R
'
2
R2
I1
R2
2
k
no - load voltage full - load voltage
Voltage regulation
no - load voltage
Vs N s
recall
Vp N p
N
Secondary voltage on no-load V2 V1 2
N1
V2 is a secondary terminal voltage on full load
Substitute we have N2
V1 V2
Voltage regulation N1
N2
V1
N1
TRANSFORMER PHASOR DIAGRAM
To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer, it is
necessary understand the voltage drops within it.
23
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
Transformer efficiency is defined as (applies to motors,
generators and transformers): Pout
100%
Pout Ploss
Pout
100%
Pin
Types of losses incurred in a transformer:
Copper I2R losses
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current losses
Therefore, for a transformer, efficiency may be
calculated using the following:
VS I S cos
x100%
PCu Pcore VS I S cos
