BMM 3521 ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS
VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS
THEOREM
Section01
NAME
ID
MUHAMMAD ZULHAFIZ BIN IMMERUS
MA13078
MOHD AREEF BIN BEDDU
MA13098
MOHAMAD HAFIDZUL RAHMAN BIN ALIAS
MH12056
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC
1.0 ABSTRACT
2.0 BRIEF BACKGROUND
3.0 OBJECTIVE
4.0 EXPERIMENT SETUP
5.0 PROCEDURE
6.0 RESULT
7.0 DISCUSSION
8.0 CONCLUSION
9.0 REFERENCE
PAGE
3
3
3
4
4-5
6-14
15-16
17
17
1.0
ABSTRACT
In this experiment, we are to conduct by validating Bernoullis theorem whereby the
important variables such as pressure, velocity and elevation play a significant role in
todays application. The hydraulic bench is attached to venture meter and pressure gauge.
From the apparatus given, we can determine the velocity by essentially finding the
kinetic energy from the flow rate. The value later is compared with calculated
2
Bernoullis equation and the equation can be verified whenever there are similarities in
value.
2.0
BRIEF BACKGROUND
This experiment is to measure head losses of every single tube which is venturi,
orifice and nozzle. It also involves investigating total pressure, static pressure and
dynamic pressure on the venturi device. This experiment also is to determine the
volumetric flow rate at every critical point subjected using a pitot as the measurement
device. Use the average measurement as the value of the flow rate for three different
flows.
Figure2.1: Venture and Pitot
3.0
OBJECTIVE
To design complete measurement technique for fluid flow and verify Bernoullis
Theorem experimentally for a viscous and incompressible fluid.
4.0
EXPERIMENT SETUP
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water pump
Water tank
Multi-tube-manometers
Hydraulic bench unit
3
5. Stop watch
6. Venture meter
Materials:
5.0
Water source
PROCEDURE:
1. First, all the connections of the pipe with the manometer is checked. Whether the
pipe connected to the pipe is tight or not. This is to prevent the bubble flow during
the experiment conduct.
2. Switch on the water pump and open the control valve, inlet and outlet valves to
initiate the water flow through the connections system. The inlet valve is adjusted
around to increase the water flow to desired speed.
3. The connection is checked so it is bubble free. If there is bubble, close the outlet
valves to build in the pressure so it will push the bubble out of it.
4. The outlet valves on top of the both side manometer and after the manometers is
closed. Then, the water pump is switched off simultaneously with the outlet valve.
During this time the connections system considered to be fully vacuum.
5. The outlet valves on top of both side manometers is opened to allow air to get in
and closed immediately after it reached about half the level of the manometer.
6. The water pump and the outlet valve is switched on simultaneously again. The
inlet and outlet valve for the pipe connections is adjusted to gain the six different
heights in the manometer for low water flow.
7. The static pressure height is obtained from the left side of six manometers with
six different heights.
8. The total pressure height for the first point is also obtained from the right side of
one manometer.
9. The second and next point of venturi meter for total pressure height is measured
by pull the small hollow pipe in the venturi meter form 1 point to other point.
10. The drainer is closed the by using a pipe pump stopper. Then volume flow rates
can be determined by calculating the time by using stopwatch which let the water
increase to 10litters in the scale tube.
11. Step 6-10 is repeated for medium and different water flow.
Figure 5.1: Whole experiment system
6.0
RESULT
Experime
nt
Point
1
ID(mm)
28.4
22.5
14.0
17.2
24.3
28.4
Area, A (m,
6.33
3.97
1.54
2.32
4.60
6.33
110
)
Level water (L)
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
45
2.222
45
2.222
45
2.222
45
2.222
45
2.222
45
2.222
160
150
25
85
120
130
245
245
245
245
245
245
htotal (mm)
165
165
165
165
165
165
hdyn ( mm)
15
140
80
45
35
v means (m/s )
0.351
0.560
1.443
0.958
0.483
0.351
Pressure (Pa)
1471.5
245.25
833.85
1177.2
1275.3
v calc (m/ s)
1569.
6
0.313
0.542
1.657
1.253
0.940
0.828
Time (s)
43
43
43
43
43
43
2.326
2.326
2.326
2.326
2.326
140
135
10
70
105
115
230
230
230
230
230
230
htotal (mm)
150
150
150
150
150
150
hdyn ( mm)
10
15
140
80
45
35
v means (m/s )
0.367
0.586
1.510
1.003
0.506
0.367
Pressure (Pa)
1324.3
5
0.542
98.1
686.7
v calc (m/ s)
1373.
4
0.443
1.657
1.253
1030.0
5
0.940
1128.1
5
0.829
Time (s)
44
44
44
44
44
44
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
2.273
2.273
2.273
2.273
2.273
2.273
h stat (mm)
200
190
50
115
155
160
280
280
280
280
280
280
200
200
200
200
200
200
Time (s)
3 1
Q( m s ) 1 10
h stat (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)
Q( m3 s 1 ) 1 104 2.326
h stat (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)
htotal (mm)
hdyn ( mm)
10
150
85
45
40
v means (m/s )
0.359
0.573
1.476
0.980
0.494
0.359
Pressure (Pa)
1962
1863.9
490.5
0.443
1.716
1520.5
5
0.940
1569.6
v calc (m/ s)
1128.1
5
1.291
Time (s)
41
41
41
41
41
41
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
h stat (mm)
280
270
125
195
240
250
370
370
370
370
370
370
htotal (mm)
290
290
290
290
290
290
hdyn ( mm)
10
20
165
95
50
40
v means (m/s )
0.385
0.614
1.584
1.051
0.530
0.385
Pressure (Pa)
2648.7
1912.9
5
1.365
2452.5
0.626
1226.2
5
1.799
2354.4
v calc (m/ s)
2746.
8
0.443
0.990
0.886
Time (s)
41
41
41
41
41
41
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
2.439
h stat (mm)
250
235
95
160
200
205
325
325
325
325
325
325
htotal (mm)
245
245
245
245
245
245
hdyn ( mm)
-5
10
159
85
45
40
v means (m/s )
0.385
0.614
1.584
1.051
0.530
0.385
Pressure (Pa)
2452.
5
0.313
2305.3
5
0.443
931.95
1569.6
1962
1.766
1.291
0.940
2011.0
5
0.886
htotal , readoff (mm)
htotal , readoff (mm)
v calc (m/ s)
Table 6.1: Reading for each tube
0.886
Example calculation
1m3= 1000L
10L=0.01m3
h
h
h
h
h
h
total
: h total,
readoff
- 80mm
total
: 325mm -80mm
total
: 245mm
dyn
: h total - h stat
dyn
: 245mm - 235mm
dyn
:10mm
1m
water lever(L)
1000L
Time for 10L(s)
10L
3
1m
Q : 1000L
41s
Q:
Q : 2.43910
mean
ms
-1
A
: 2.43910 m s
3.9710 m
: 0.614ms
every tube
mean
mean
calc
v
v
-4
-4
-4
-1
-1
calc
: 2 g
dyn
-2
29.81ms 0.01m
: 0.443ms
:
-1
calc
P :gh stat
P :1000kgm -3 9.81ms -2 0.235m
P : 2305.35Pa
Data experiment use for the graft
Experimen
t
1(flow rate
104
2.222
)
2(flow rate
104
2.326
)
3(flow rate
104
2.273
)
4(flow rate
104
2.439
)
5(flow rate
104
2.439
)
Point
1
Pressure
1569.6
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.351
2
1471.5
3
245.25
4
833.85
5
1177.2
6
1275.3
0.560
1.443
0.958
0.483
0.351
v calc (m/s)
0.313
0.542
1.657
1.253
0.940
0.828
h stat (mm)
160
150
25
85
120
130
Pressure
1373.4
(Pa)
v mea ns (m/ s) 0.367
1324.3
5
0.586
98.1
686.7
1.510
1.003
1030.0
5
0.506
1128.1
5
0.367
v calc (m/s)
0.443
0.542
1.657
1.253
0.940
0.829
h stat (mm)
140
135
10
70
105
115
1863.9
490.5
1.476
1520.5
5
0.494
1569.6
0.573
1128.1
5
0.980
Pressure
1962
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.359
0.359
v calc (m/s)
0.443
1.716
1.291
0.940
0.886
h stat (mm)
200
190
50
115
155
160
Pressure
2746.8
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.385
2648.7
1226.25
2354.4
2452.5
0.614
1.584
1912.9
5
1.051
0.530
0.385
v calc (m/s)
0.443
0.626
1.799
1.365
0.990
0.886
h stat (mm)
280
270
125
195
240
250
Pressure
2452.5
(Pa)
v means (m/ s ) 0.385
2305.3
5
0.614
931.95
1569.6
1962
1.584
1.051
0.530
2011.0
5
0.385
v calc (m/s)
-0.313
0.443
1.766
1.291
0.940
0.886
h stat (mm)
250
235
95
160
200
205
Table 6.2: Data experiment use for the graft
10
3000
Pressure (Pa) vs
point
2500
2000
1 flow rate 2.222
2 flow rate 2.326
1500
3 flow rate 2.273
4 flow rate 2.439
1000
5 flow rate 2.439
500
Note : Flow rate
0
0
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
Graph 6.1: Pressure (Pa) vs point
Graph 6.1 is showing pressure (Pa) versus point each tube. We can see the
pressure will increase when the area are bigger for each point. To get this data we must
determine the level water and time are used to get flow rate and we do 6 experiments.
V mean (m/s) vs
point
1.8
1.6
1.4
1 flow rate 2.222
1.2
2 flow rate 2.326
3 flow rate 2.273
0.8
4 flow rate 2.439
0.6
5 flow rate 2.439
0.4
0.2
0
0
Graph6.2: V mean (m/s) vs point
11
Graph 6.2 shows that velocity mean versus point for each tube. We can see when
area small will produce high velocity. We do 6 experiments to collect the data. To get the
data, we must know the time taken to fill the water to 10 liter. Level for each tube also
must take to get the data.
V calc (m/s) vs
point
1.5
1 flow rate 2.222
1
2 flow rate 2.326
3 flow rate 2.273
4 flow rate 2.439
0.5
5 flow rate 2.439
0
0
-0.5
Graph6.3: V calc (m/s) vs point
Graph 6.3 is show velocity calculation versus point for each tube. We can see
when area small will produce high velocity. We do 6 experiments to collect the data. To
get the data, we must know the time taken to fill the water to 10 liter. Level for each tube
also must take to get the data.
12
300
h stat (mm) vs
point
250
200
1 flow rate 2.222
2 flow rate 2.326
150
3 flow rate 2.273
4 flow rate 2.439
100
5 flow rate 2.439
50
0
0
Graph6.4: h stat (mm) vs point
Graph 6.4 is show high stat versus point for each tube. We can see the high for
stat become decrease because the low pressure and the small surface. To get the data we
must take the high for each tube.
2
1.8
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
V mean (m/s) vs flow rate (
at different point
1.6
1.4
Point 1
1.2
point 2
Point 3
Point 4
0.8
Piont 5
0.6
Point 6
0.4
0.2
0
2222
2326
2273
2439
2439
Graph6.5: V mean (m/s) vs flow rate at different point
13
Graph 6.5 shows that velocity mean versus flow rate at the different point. When
we give the high flow rate, more velocity will produce because of area for each tube. We
do 6 experiments to get velocity and flow rate.
Q(m3s -1 )110-4
V calc (m/s) vs flow rate
at different point
1.5
Point 1
point 2
Point 3
Point 4
0.5
Piont 5
Point 6
0
2222
2326
2273
2439
2439
-0.5
Graph6.6: V calc (m/s) vs flow rate at different point
Graph 6.6 is showing that velocity calculation versus flow rate for each tube.
When we give the high flow rate, more velocity will produce because of area for each
tube. We do 6 experiments to get velocity and flow rate. At point 1, we can see the graph
up and down because the loss pressure and have valve.
14
Q(m 3s-1 )110-4
300
h stat (mm) vs flow rate
ad different point
250
200
Point 1
point 2
Point 3
150
Point 4
Piont 5
100
Point 6
50
0
2222
2326
2273
2439
2439
Graph6.7: h stat (mm) vs flow rate ad different point
Graph 6.7 is show the high stat versus flow rate at each tube. We can see the
graph high because flow rate is high and the high stat will increase. We do 6 experiments
to get the data.
15
7.0
DISCUSSION
1. Briefly explain the various terms involved in Bernoullis equation.
Where,
= speed of fluid flow at a point on streamline
= gravitational acceleration
= elevation of the point above a reference axis
= pressure at
point of study
= density of
flowing fluid
2. State the assumption made to get Bernoullis equation from Eulers equation.
i) At V = 0 m/s, / y = 0
ii) Negligible viscosity
iii) Negligible surface tension
iv) Irrotational
v) Incompressible
3. Define and calculate the coefficient of discharge for the flow measurement device
you used in the experiment (both actual and theoretical).
The coefficient of discharge for the flow measurement device is the ratio of actual
discharge to the theoretical discharge
16
4. Is it possible to bleed the test bench rid of air? How?
Yes, it is possible to bleed the air in the test bench. Firstly, remove the air in the test
bench by opening the ball cock at the inlet and outlet to allow water flow. Then the vent
valve is opened and pump is switched on to allow water to fill the pressure and
manometer gauges. Slowly close the outlet ball until water is flushed from the pressure
gauge. The main valve is controlled to prevent water from undershot or overshot. When
air bubbles in the flow are completely gone, then start taking down the readings.
5. What will happen to the pressure as the area of the pipe decreases? Discuss
in relation to the six positions indicated in Figure 5.1.
The area of pipe affects the velocity flow and pressure. When the area of pipe decreases,
the velocity will increase and the pressure decreases. Look into Figure 5.1, from point 1
to point 3, the area of flow is decreasing and the velocity will increase. Thus, the pressure
decreases. From point 4 to 6, the area of flow is increasing and the velocity will decrease.
Thus, the pressure increases. Overall, this has proven that in the smallest area, the static
pressure is the highest. Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid
particle. Kinetic energy increases when a fluid flows from a big area tube into a narrower
tube, the volume before entering the narrow tube is the same as the one at the big area.
Hence, the fluids have to push forward along the narrow tube. As a result, the pushing
force produces a higher speed and thus has a greater speed. By the law of conservation of
energy, this increase in kinetic energy must be balanced by a decrease in the pressurevolume product. Since the volumes equal at the big area and narrow area, it must be
balanced by a decrease in pressure. Therefore, in the smallest area, the fluid has the
highest velocity and highest dynamic pressure, but lowest static pressure. So, the area has
the largest static pressure, lowest kinetic energy and lowest dynamic pressure for water
flow at tube 1 and 6.
17
8.0
CONCLUSION
This experiment is relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid
in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible. From
this experiment we can conclude that when the area for each tube is small will produce
high velocity but lower pressure will produce. It depend how many flow rate we uses. To
collect the data, we used constant area, level of water and we only used water. For all data
we produce the graph. We can see some time from graph not smooth it because late time
taken, have a bubble inside the tube and have motor pump has a problem.
9.0
REFERENCE
1. http://www.kostic.niu.edu/bernoulli.html
2. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Application/ Yunus A. Cengel/John
M.Cimbala
18
