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FM Wave Generation & Demodulation

This document discusses the generation and demodulation of frequency modulated (FM) waves. It describes two main ways of generating FM waves: indirect and direct FM generation. Indirect generation uses narrowband FM (NBFM) to generate a wideband FM (WBFM) signal. NBFM assumes the modulating signal bandwidth is narrow compared to the carrier frequency. Demodulation of FM signals involves extracting the instantaneous frequency, which is proportional to the modulating signal and can be obtained through envelope detection of the differentiated FM signal.

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Md.Arifur Rahman
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67 views9 pages

FM Wave Generation & Demodulation

This document discusses the generation and demodulation of frequency modulated (FM) waves. It describes two main ways of generating FM waves: indirect and direct FM generation. Indirect generation uses narrowband FM (NBFM) to generate a wideband FM (WBFM) signal. NBFM assumes the modulating signal bandwidth is narrow compared to the carrier frequency. Demodulation of FM signals involves extracting the instantaneous frequency, which is proportional to the modulating signal and can be obtained through envelope detection of the differentiated FM signal.

Uploaded by

Md.Arifur Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 309

Communication Theory
Instructor: Tishna Sabrina
Summer 2016
Lecture 12
Generation & Demodulation of FM Waves

Generating FM waves

Basically there are 2 ways:


1.

2.

Indirect FM generation,
Direct FM generation.

NBFM generation is used in indirect


generation of the WBFM signal.
NBFM assumption:
NBFM expression:
NBPM expression:
Both approximations are similar to the
expression of the AM wave.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

NBPM & NBFM Generation

Because of NB approximation & the modulator output,


the modulated output has some amplitude variations.
A non linear device designed to limit the amplitude of a
band-pass signal can remove most of this distortion.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

Bandpass Limiter
Consists of a hard limiter followed by a bandpass filter.
Bandpass limiter output to a sinusoid
will be a square wave of unit amplitude
regardless of the incoming amplitude.
Thus an angle-modulated sinusoidal input results in a
constant amplitude angle-modulated square-wave.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

NBFM Generation using Bandpass Limiter

Consider an incoming angle-modulated wave


, where
The output
of the hard limiter is +1 or -1
depending on whether
is positive or
negative.
Because
can be expressed as a function
of :
Hence, as a function of is a periodic square wave
function with period which can be expanded by a
Fourier series:

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

NBFM Generation using Bandpass Limiter

At any instant
Hence, the output

as function of time can be is by

The output of the hard limiter then passes through a


BPF with a centre frequency at and BW,
The filter output is the desired angle-modulated carrier
with constant amplitude,

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

Indirect method of Armstrong

NBFM is converted to WBFM by using additional frequency multipliers.


200 kHz is chosen because it is easy to construct stable crystal
oscillators as well as balanced modulators at this frequency.
As required by NB, to maintain,
,
is chosen to be 25Hz.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

Indirect method of Armstrong

A commercial FM transmitter requires to have a carrier frequency of


91.2MHz and
=75kHz .
To achieve
=75kHz, we need a multiplication of 75,000/25=3000.
This can be done by two multiplier stages of 64 and 48, giving a total
multiplication of 64X48=3072.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

Demodulation of FM signals

The information of an FM signal resides in its instantaneous


frequency,
To yield an output proportional to the instantaneous
frequency, the simplest possible circuit is an ideal
differentiator.

Because,
, for all t, so m(t) can
be obtained by envelope detection of
.

7/13/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 12

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