Vowel Coalescence

The Urhobo language displays a hiatus environment created via morphological or syntactic concatenation. However, the grammar of the language requires that such an environment be repaired. This is because it violates a constraint forbidding hiatuses in the language. Languages that do not tolerate hiatus may apply one or more repair strategies to ensure deviant structures conform to constraint requirements. This study seeks to examine the hiatus resolution strategy in Urhobo and its interaction with general processes in the language. It employs data elicited from two adult L1 speakers of the language, while the analysis of the data is couched within the theory of constraint and repair strategies (TCRS). The study noted that only vowel elision is employed as a repair strategy, but it is bled by glide formation, which is a general process in the language. Elision targets V1, but it is blocked by *ØLINCON, a constraint that requires the preservation of elements that encode greater lingui...

Humanidades digitales: innovación, memoria y conexiones culturales en la era tecnológica es una obra colectiva que explora el impacto de las tecnologías digitales en la investigación y la preservación del patrimonio cultural. A través de 21 capítulos, el libro examina el papel de la inteligencia artificial, el procesamiento del lenguaje natural, la digitalización 3D y otras herramientas innovadoras en el ámbito de las humanidades. Organizado en tres bloques temáticos, este volumen aborda las metodologías digitales que están transformando la investigación académica, las estrategias para la preservación de bienes culturales y tradiciones inmateriales, y las aplicaciones prácticas de estas innovaciones en la educación, la cultura y la gestión del conocimiento. Entre sus contribuciones destacan estudios sobre la escritura asistida por IA, la papirología digital, la digitalización del teatro áureo español y la resignificación del pasado mediante la realidad virtual. Esta obra es una referencia esencial para investigadores, docentes y profesionales interesados en la intersección entre tecnología y cultura. Con un enfoque riguroso y crítico, los autores reflexionan sobre las oportunidades y desafíos que plantea la digitalización del conocimiento y la memoria histórica, subrayando la necesidad de un equilibrio entre la innovación tecnológica y la ética digital.

This paper presents an in-depth, comparative linguistic analysis of three closely related yet distinct Bantu languages spoken in the northern region of Zambia: ciLungu (Guthrie’s M14), ciMambwe (M15), and ciNamwanga (M22). Despite their genetic proximity and shared historical lineage, these languages remain critically under-documented, with significant gaps in the descriptive analysis of their grammatical systems. This study aims to address this lacuna by conducting a meticulous examination of their verbal morphophonology, identifying and elucidating the core processes that govern verb form construction. Through a methodical application of the comparative method, informed by principles of Lexical Phonology and Morphology and comparative Bantu linguistics, the research delineates a comprehensive inventory of phonological and morphological operations. These include, but are not limited to, strategic vowel lengthening for tense-aspect marking, gliding and glide-induced harmony, a suite of strategies for resolving vowel hiatus, pervasive vowel and consonant harmony systems, and various forms of vocalic coalescence. The investigation reveals that while these languages share a foundational inventory of morphophonological rules attributable to their common ancestry, they are distinguished by systematic and predictable micro-variations. For instance, a key differentiating feature is the realization of plural subject prefixes: ciLungu and ciMambwe employ a voiced palatal glide [j], while ciNamwanga utilizes a voiced bilabial glide [w]. Furthermore, ciLungu exhibits a unique use of the voiceless glottal fricative [h] in specific verbal environments, a feature absent in its linguistic relatives, which instead maintain a palatal glide. The detailed findings of this research provide an indispensable empirical foundation for applied linguistic endeavors, particularly for curriculum developers, lexicographers, and language planners engaged in the creation of pedagogical materials, grammatical guides, and literacy resources aimed at promoting and preserving this vulnerable linguistic heritage.

interesantísima Morfología del verbo griego antiguo. Con un compendio de sintaxis verbal. Este «conciso tratado razonado de morfología verbal griega» (pág. 15), obra del Dr. Bergua Cavero, se propone sistematizar con claridad el conocimiento necesario para un dominio solvente y avanzado de la morfosintaxis del griego antiguo, dada la relativa ausencia de un manual monográfico con tal espíritu en la bibliografía en castellano 1 . Impelido por un sincero afán didáctico, el autor opta por «un compromiso entre la aproximación histórica y la sincrónicadescriptiva» (pág. 18) a la morfología verbal griega, en la idea de resultar más amable al estudiante que otras obras encumbradas de planteamiento fundamentalmente diacrónico (p. ej., ; ; Duhoux [2000]) o sincrónico (p. ej., Rodríguez Alfageme [2018]). En este sentido, es natural que la materia del libro se ciña en esencia al dialecto ático de los ss. v-iv a. C., con numerosas referencias, empero, a otros períodos de la lengua griega (en particular, al dialecto homérico y al jonio de Heródoto). Su concisión, precisión y didacticismo habrán de convertirlo, sin duda, en un manual de consulta imprescindible para todo discente y docente hispanohablante de griego antiguo, como también lo propiciará su asequible precio. Su objetivo principal -«servir de guía al estudiante de Clásicas que, en su segundo o tercer año, se ve enfrentado a la necesidad de adquirir de una vez por todas un conocimiento sólido, sistemático, de la morfosintaxis del verbo griego» (pág. 15)puede darse más que por cumplido, al tiempo que la laguna bibliográfica que espoleó al autor a redactarlo se ve, gracias a él, sobradamente colmada. El volumen ya ha recibido atención pormenorizada en tres reseñas recientes (Giove Meschian 2023; Lemos Hinrichsen 2024; Urbano Ruiz 2024). Debido a su carácter fundamentalmente expositivo, será suficiente remitir a ellas para una pormenorizada síntesis del contenido del libro, que las habituales limitaciones de espacio nos desaconsejan realizar aquí. Bástenos tener en cuenta que el grueso del volumen se divide en cuatro partes 2 , que se ven precedidas de dos índices (en castellano: págs. 7-10; en inglés: págs. 11-14), un prólogo (en castellano: págs. 15-21; en 1 Con todo, téngase en cuenta el manual Griego para universitarios (Calvo Martínez 2016), cuyo tratamiento de la morfosintaxis del verbo, aunque dentro de una descripción gramatical general de la lengua griega, es también de indudable solvencia. El propio Dr. Bergua Cavero lamenta no haber podido utilizar, por cuestiones de tiempo, la Sintaxis del griego antiguo (2020) coordinada por M.ª Dolores Jiménez López (pág. 20). 2 «1. Categorías gramaticales y formantes» (págs. 31-46; §1-28), «2. Tipos de conjugación» (págs. 47-103; §29-224), «3. Morfología del aspecto verbal y la voz» (págs. 104-123; §225-254) y «4. Breve sintaxis de los tiempos, aspectos y modos» (págs. 125-159; §255-361).

La aparición y auge de la comunicación canalizada digitalmente, especialmente de las llamadas redes sociales, reclama capacidades analíticas automatizadas para extraer información y patrones a partir de datos masivos baja o pobremente estructurados con el objetivo de predecir tendencias, acciones y eventos futuros. Este ámbito concita el interés de investigadores y empresas, con implicaciones para la lingüística, la informática, la psicología, las ciencias sociales o la estadística, entre otras áreas.

This dissertation is an analysis of the segmental phonology of the Shangani language as spoken in the South Eastern parts of Zimbabwe. It starts by presenting the language situation in Zimbabwe and comparing the language's status in Zimbabwe with that of its sister varieties in South Africa where it is referred to as Tsonga and in Mozambique where it is referred to as XiChangana or Changana. The dissertation is based on data collected from the speakers of Shangani using a variety of research techniques. The dissertation identifies and characterizes the language's distinctive phonemes using the minimal pair and set tests. It presents the language's consonants, which include aspirated, breathy-voiced, pre-nasalized, labialized and palatalized consonants. It shows that in Shangani, voiceless consonants cannot be pre-nasalized and that there is an incompatibility between that labio-velar glide /w/ and most labial consonants excpt /m/. The phonemes are analysed using Chomsky and Halle's (1968) distinctive feature theory. The study uses Clements and Keyser's (1983) CV phonology of the syllable structure to analyse the language's syllable structure. The language's canonical syllable structure is CV. It is also shown that consonant clusters are gaining their way into the language through borrowing from English, Afrikaans and other languages that have consonant clusters in their inventories. Onsetless Vs are marginally attested word-initially. In agent nouns, VV sequences are in most cases retained. These sequences are not analysed as diphthongs since they occupy different V slots on the syllable tier. The second vowel in the sequence is the onsetless syllable. Affricates, NCs, C w s and C j s are presented as unitary segments that occupy a single C slot of the CV tier. Phonological processes that are attested in the language are also presented. Secondary articulation, vowel deletion, feature spreading, vowel coalescence and nasalization are shown to be the most common phonological process in the language. Since Shangani has the CV syllable typology, most of the phonological processes are there to resolve hiatus that would have been induced by suffixation of vowel commencing stems or suffixes to vowel final prefixes or stems. The notion of domains is shown to be a diagnostic tool for identifying a process in a hiatus situation. The study shows that vowel deletion is the least preferred strategy when secondary articulation, feature spreading, vowel coalescence have been blocked by some constraints like syllable structure processes or the language's phonotactics.

Previous phonological studies have indicated that a sequence of dissimilar hetero-syllabic/morphemic vowels are dispreferred across languages because it creates vowel hiatus. As a result, it may engender multiple repair mechanisms. However, the repair mechanisms do not apply liberally; they may be resisted in certain positions when segmental deletion or featural change fail to take place. Segments in phonetically and psycholinguistically privileged positions invariably resist such repair strategies that may be quite regular in the grammar of the language. In this study, a reanalysis of data from Lubukusu language (Bantu, Kenya) shows that a Positional Faithfulness (PF) account within an Optimality Theory (OT) framework may be felicitous in explaining both the initiation and resistance to the said repair processes. The findings indicate that the positional faithfulness of the vowel in question may determine whether it is deleted or which features may be changed based on a single cons...

The aim of the present study was to determine if Optimality Theory (OT) constraint interaction was capable of explaining the phonological processes that are used in Hiatus resolution (HR) in Olutura, a dialect of Luyia, a Bantu language spoken in Western Kenya. HR refers to the strategies that are used to remove the unnatural pause that is created when two sound segments from different syllables come into contact. In the OT Correspondence Theory (CT) model, constraints are the conflicting forces whose ranking leads to the selection of the optimal or winning form from a list of possible candidates. The winning candidate is the one that satisfies the phonotactics of the language (in this case, Olutura) by meeting the specific requirements for HR which depend on the sound segments involved in the formation of the required syllable. The emergence of the best candidate reveals the specific phonological process that is used as a strategy for HR. Primary data was collected from first langu...

Special mention goes to my husband Charles Mvundura for the encouragement and support. I could not have made it without him. The entire family too deserves a special ‗thank you' for the long periods I was away from them. To my friends, thank you so much for you words of encouragement. I shall forever be grateful. A special word of thanks goes to the Hwesa and Manyika communities for making this research a success. Our dialects continues to be our salvation as minority groups. Last but by far not least, I thank the almighty God for life and good health, without which none of this would have been produced at least by me. iv | P a g e DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my husband, to whom I can never be able to repay all good things he did for me during my studies. For his prayers and advice, I thank him dearly, and shall forever be grateful. I also dedicate this work to my three beloved sons, Trevor, Jason and Yemurai for their encouragement throughout the study.

La aparición y auge de la comunicación canalizada digitalmente, especialmente de las llamadas redes sociales, reclama capacidades analíticas automatizadas para extraer información y patrones a partir de datos masivos baja o pobremente estructurados con el objetivo de predecir tendencias, acciones y eventos futuros. Este ámbito concita el interés de investigadores y empresas, con implicaciones para la lingüística, la informática, la psicología, las ciencias sociales o la estadística, entre otras áreas.

The study investigates hiatus contexts and hiatus resolution strategies in Zimbabwean Tonga. Data for this research were collected through intuition because one of the researchers is a native speaker of Tonga. The data were verified by other native speakers of Tonga. The analysis is couched within generative CV Phonology model (Clements & Keyser, 1983). The study establishes that Tonga does not allow vowel hiatus and when it occurs it is resolved by vowel deletion, secondary articulation, glide formation, glide epenthesis and vowel coalescence. These strategies do not operate haphazardly but they are motivated by different morphosyntactic and phonological environments. The study also found out that compensatory lengthening accompanies each strategy in well-defined morphosyntactic and phonological contexts. Morphosyntactically, it accompanies other hiatus resolution strategies in the verbal domain and infinitive verbs. Phonologically, compensatory lengthening accompanies other strategies when V1 is either /u/ or/i/. The major contribution of this research is typological

This paper deals with the relationship given in East Ionic between diptong /eu/ and hiatus /eo/ since an early period. In this way, ionic inscriptions present sporadically a notation <Eo> for original diptong /eu/ together with the expected notation, since the fith until the third Century b.C. In this respect, it is supposed that the second element of the diptong has undergone the shift /eu/ > /eo/, with a fonetical notation in <Eo>, facing official or conservative <Ev>. On the other hand, hiatus /eo/ shows an sporadic chenge /eo/ > /eu/, that has been considered the genuine evolution in lonic for /eo/. 'This paper tries to put both facts in connetion, as well as to stablish a relative chronology and, finally, clarify the possible morphological problems given by the graphic confusion. O. INTRODUCCIÓN * Trabajo realizado en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación «Estudio sobre textos dialectales y lenguas literarias en griego antiguo» (PS-87-0013 DGICYT: Departa

This paper examines how vowel hiatus is handled in Kavalan, an endangered Formosan plains tribe language spoken by fewer than one hundred people on the eastern coast of Taiwan. Based on first-hand data, this paper shows that Kavalan is a language that typically disallows vowel sequences. Vowel hiatus is mainly resolved by gliding, but deletion occurs if the adjacent vowels are identical. While Kavalan generally disallows vowel hiatus, a low-high vowel sequence is tolerated before the word-final coda. The paper argues that the reason vowel hiatus unexpectedly occurs in such position is to prevent a post-vocalic vowel from gliding in a stressed syllable.

The study investigates hiatus contexts and hiatus resolution strategies in Zimbabwean Tonga. Data for this research were collected through intuition because one of the researchers is a native speaker of Tonga. The data were verified by other native speakers of Tonga. The analysis is couched within generative CV Phonology model (Clements & Keyser, 1983). The study establishes that Tonga does not allow vowel hiatus and when it occurs it is resolved by vowel deletion, secondary articulation, glide formation, glide epenthesis and vowel coalescence. These strategies do not operate haphazardly but they are motivated by different morphosyntactic and phonological environments. The study also found out that compensatory lengthening accompanies each strategy in well-defined morphosyntactic and phonological contexts. Morphosyntactically, it accompanies other hiatus resolution strategies in the verbal domain and infinitive verbs. Phonologically, compensatory lengthening accompanies other strategies when V1 is either /u/ or/i/. The major contribution of this research is typological

Vowel hiatus is a prohibited configuration of vowels in many languages of the world. This study is established to examine strategies used to resolve vowel hiatus in Olusuba, a Bantu language spoken in parts of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The work describes two vowel processes used as hiatus resolution strategies in Olusuba. Well-formedness of data obtained in this study are analysed using OT. The theory explains how constraints interact to optimise the output in this language. Using descriptive analytic research design and following the available data obtained from native speakers of Olusuba, this paper provides two vowel processes used as strategies in resolving a sequence of dissimilar vowels in the language under study.

The aim of the present study was to determine if Optimality Theory (OT) constraint interaction was capable of explaining the phonological processes that are used in Hiatus resolution (HR) in Olutura, a dialect of Luyia, a Bantu language spoken in Western Kenya. HR refers to the strategies that are used to remove the unnatural pause that is created when two sound segments from different syllables come into contact. In the OT Correspondence Theory (CT) model, constraints are the conflicting forces whose ranking leads to the selection of the optimal or winning form from a list of possible candidates. The winning candidate is the one that satisfies the phonotactics of the language (in this case, Olutura) by meeting the specific requirements for HR which depend on the sound segments involved in the formation of the required syllable. The emergence of the best candidate reveals the specific phonological process that is used as a strategy for HR. Primary data was collected from first langu...

The main concern of the study was to identify and examine the different strategies that Olutura uses to resolve hiatus so as to get the optimal syllable in its phonotactics.Olutura is one of the dialects of the Luyia language spoken in Western Kenya, East Africa. Data is sampled from speakers of Olutura as a first language. The data is then analyzed to find out the phonological processes that are involved in the configuration of the optimal syllable in this language. The results of the study show that Olutura uses the phonological processes of coalescence, glide formation, epenthesis, prothesis and elision to resolve hiatus.

The aim of the present study was to determine if Optimality Theory (OT) constraint interaction was capable of explaining the phonological processes that are used in Hiatus resolution (HR) in Olutura, a dialect of Luyia, a Bantu language spoken in Western Kenya. HR refers to the strategies that are used to remove the unnatural pause that is created when two sound segments from different syllables come into contact. In the OT Correspondence Theory (CT) model, constraints are the conflicting forces whose ranking leads to the selection of the optimal or winning form from a list of possible candidates. The winning candidate is the one that satisfies the phonotactics of the language (in this case, Olutura) by meeting the specific requirements for HR which depend on the sound segments involved in the formation of the required syllable. The emergence of the best candidate reveals the specific phonological process that is used as a strategy for HR. Primary data was collected from first langu...

The main concern of the study was to identify and examine the different strategies that Olutura uses to resolve hiatus so as to get the optimal syllable in its phonotactics.Olutura is one of the dialects of the Luyia language spoken in Western Kenya, East Africa. Data is sampled from speakers of Olutura as a first language. The data is then analyzed to find out the phonological processes that are involved in the configuration of the optimal syllable in this language. The results of the study show that Olutura uses the phonological processes of coalescence, glide formation, epenthesis, prothesis and elision to resolve hiatus.

LABOUR IS DIVIDED (1) purpose a. suggest that constraint interaction is but a piece of phonology: there are other pieces such as representations that are not slaves of constraints, but equal-righted. Cf., among others, Oostendorp & van de Weijer (2005).

LABOUR IS DIVIDED (1) purpose a. suggest that constraint interaction is but a piece of phonology: there are other pieces such as representations that are not slaves of constraints, but equal-righted. Cf., among others, Oostendorp & van de Weijer (2005).

The aim of the present study was to determine if Optimality Theory (OT) constraint interaction was capable of explaining the phonological processes that are used in Hiatus resolution (HR) in Olutura, a dialect of Luyia, a Bantu language spoken in Western Kenya. HR refers to the strategies that are used to remove the unnatural pause that is created when two sound segments from different syllables come into contact. In the OT Correspondence Theory (CT) model, constraints are the conflicting forces whose ranking leads to the selection of the optimal or winning form from a list of possible candidates. The winning candidate is the one that satisfies the phonotactics of the language (in this case, Olutura) by meeting the specific requirements for HR which depend on the sound segments involved in the formation of the required syllable. The emergence of the best candidate reveals the specific phonological process that is used as a strategy for HR. Primary data was collected from first langu...

The paper is a synchronic description of the vowel system in Pero, a west Chadic languagae. It has been found that the features high, low, and round are the only distinctive features necessary to describe the underlying vowels, The main characteristic of this vowel system is extensive neutralization of these features, which results in a large number of phonological alternations. The description provides tee rules to account for all of the phonological alternations to be found in the verbal system and thus account for most consonant alternations to be found in the language.

This article examines the morphophonological environments in which vowel sequences occur in Chichewa and explains the synchronic hiatus resolution strategies that are employed in this language to remove these dispreferred vowel cluster configurations. This investigation demonstrates that the major motivation for resolving hiatal configurations in Chichewa, like in many other Bantu languages, is to maintain the preferred canonical consonant-vowel (CV) syllable structure. The analysis of data used in this study is mainly couched within the theoretical explications of Optimality Theory (OT) as enunciated by Prince and Smolensky (1991, 1993), McCarthy and Prince (1999), Archaengeli and Langendoen (1997), and Kager (1999); Distinctive FeatureTheory as discussed by Chomsky and Halle (1968) as well as the generative CV-phonology model of syllable structure as discussed by Clements and Keyser (1983). This article argues for vowel-feature sensitive repair of hiatal configuration in Chichewa. Observing such a vowel-feature sensitive based repair of hiatal configuration analysis, which this article argues to be largely ONSET motivated/triggered and the featural properties of the phonological structures of the language under study, the language’s reactions to such dispreferred vowel clusters and its phonotactics are here examined. Repair strategies for such hiatus configurations are discussed, including glide formation, consonantal and/or glide insertions, vowel deletion and coalescence. The analysis adopted here implies that the resolution hiatus arises from incompatibilities in the features of the vowels straddling a word boundary. It argues that these repair strategies are largely motivated by language internal constraint ranking systems which in many Bantu languages seem to largely prefer the preservation of [−] features over [+] features, i.e. the ranking [−F’]≫[+F’].

This paper argues for context and vowel-feature sensitive repair of hiatal configuration in isiNdebele, a Bantu language largely spoken in southern parts of Zimbabwe as well as parts of South Africa. Bantu languages by and large phonologically and/or phonetically repair vowel hiatus configurations arising from both phonological and morphophonological concatenations. The phonology of isiNdebele seems to largely favour an analysis that does not permit the surface realisation of clusters of segments of the form VV (vowel-vowel clusters). Observing such an analysis, which this paper argues to be largely ONSET motivated/triggered and the featural properties of the phonological structures of the languages under study, their reactions to such disprefered vowel clusters and their phonotactics are here examined within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) as enunciated by

This paper offers an analysis for the domain-sensitive process of Vowel Elision in Picard, whose directionality depends on the interaction of a variety of phonological, morphosyntactic and semantic factors. By adopting the framework of Optimality Theory, I propose an analysis in which constraints are decomposable into their domain-specific counterparts. The main advantage of such an approach to domain-driven phenomena is its intrinsic assumption that only one grammar (or constraint ranking) is responsible for domain-driven variation cross-linguistically. This paper is organized in the following way: in section 2, I introduce the relevant data upon which I will base my investigation. In section 3, I discuss the problems that the data would encounter if they were to be analyzed within a version of Optimality Theory that does not recognize the decomposition of domain-sensitive constraints. Finally, in section 4, I present viable solutions to the problems presented in the investigation. 2. THE DATA The data for this investigation come from the Picard variety spoken in the village of Nibas, located in the Picardie region in Northern France. Picard is a Gallo-Romance dialect spoken not only in the Picardie region in France, but also in NorthEastern Normandy and in some areas of Belgium. Observe in (01) that in the context of an underlying sequence of two contiguous vowels, that is, a vocalic hiatus, one of the two vowels undergoes deletion in Picard.

Vowel hiatus is a prohibited configuration of vowels in many languages of the world. This study is established to examine strategies used to resolve vowel hiatus in Olusuba, a Bantu language spoken in parts of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The work describes two vowel processes used as hiatus resolution strategies in Olusuba. Well-formedness of data obtained in this study are analysed using OT. The theory explains how constraints interact to optimise the output in this language. Using descriptive analytic research design and following the available data obtained from native speakers of Olusuba, this paper provides two vowel processes used as strategies in resolving a sequence of dissimilar vowels in the language under study.

Resumen Este estudio trata sobre la contracción del griego ático, como fenómeno prosódico del estrato léxico. Se impone como meta primaria la de ofrecer una caracterización que pueda servir de trasfondo para la comparación con la crasis, proceso análogo del estrato post-léxico. La contracción se analiza con los principios de la fonología métrica en función de la descripción de los valores contrastivos del sistema de vocales del ático. Con tal aproximación, la coalescencia de vocales obedece a la tendencia a eliminar los núcleos de sílaba contiguos, una condición antihiática relacionada con diversos mecanismos de reajuste cuantitativo, que buscan acomodar las sílabas a la longitud máxima de dos moras. Se arguye que el ligamen de los segmentos se realiza de derecha a izquierda, mientras que la propagación de rasgos melódicos se hace en la dirección opuesta, a consecuencia de la primacía del primer núcleo en el entorno del hiato. Palabras clave: Griego ático, contracción, hiato, prosodia, rasgos contrastivos. Abstract This study deals with Attic Greek contraction, a lexical stratum prosodic phenomenon. Its primary aim is a characterization that supplies the background for a comparison with crasis, thought of as a postlexical process. Contraction is analyzed within the metrical phonology theoretical framework in terms of a previous description of the contrastive features of Attic vowel system. With this approach, vowel coalescence obeys a tendency to eliminate contiguous syllable nuclei, an antihiatic condition connected with several mechanisms of quantitative adjustment, which adapt the syllables to the maximal permissible length of two moras per nucleus. It is argued that contraction operates from right to left, while melodic feature spreading acts from the opposite direction, as a consequence of the first nucleus primacy in the hiatus situation.

先ほどまであった同名の文章の改訂版です。最終節を中心に改訂しました。
要旨　本発表は千葉県南房総市三芳方言の形容詞の語形変化に関する最適性理論を用いた分析である。この方言の形容詞は中止形において促音便が義務的であり、中止形・過去形・推量形・条件形2の語幹の母音の音価が終止形と同じ音価と連用形と同じ音価の間で揺れている。この発表では、この方言の形容詞語形変化の分析において入出力の対応関係すなわち形態素の組み合わせと音韻プロセスだけでなく出力（語形）間の忠実性制約が決定的な役割を果たすことを明らかにする。

日本言語学会第159回大会の発表予稿集原稿の草稿です。
要旨　本発表は千葉県南房総市三芳方言の形容詞の語形変化に関する最適性理論を用いた分析である。この方言の形容詞は中止形において促音便が義務的であり、中止形・過去形・推量形・条件形2の語幹の母音の音価が終止形と同じ音価と連用形と同じ音価の間で揺れている。この発表では、この方言の形容詞語形変化の分析において入出力の対応関係すなわち形態素の組み合わせと音韻プロセスだけでなく出力（語形）間の忠実性制約が決定的な役割を果たすことを明らかにする。

This paper explores how the domain of vowel harmony can be affected by conditions involving minimality and the requirement for an onset within optimality theory (OT) framework. This work is based on the description and analysis of vowel harmony in Fungwa, an endangered Kainji, Benue-Congo (Niger state, Nigeria) language with about 1000 speakers. In Fungwa, the root vowels trigger backness harmony which targets the vowels of onsetful prefixes and clitics. However, this harmony does not target vowels of onsetless prefixes. In this work, I argue that prosodic word (PWd) is the domain vowel harmony, a minimality condition and an onset condition. The vowel of the onsetful prefixes and clitics undergoing harmony is as a result of the minimality condition which dictates the occurence of the onsetful prefixes and clitics in the PWd. However, the onset condition on PWd results in the misalignment of the onsetless prefixes with the PWd, which is the domain of harmony.

This article attempts to exemplify the importance of contrasting data and interpretations derived from internal analyses, within the studies on ancient Greek linguistics, with the data and conclusions derived from the analysis of equivalent phenomena in linguistic typological studies. Also, conversely, we try to show the importance of consulting the data of ancient Greek for the interpretation of general linguistic phenomena, especially verifiable over large temporal spaces. In order to do this, we have recourse, in the field of phonetics and morphology, to the revision of four phenomena that occur in different stages of development of the ancient Greek language and are traditionally explained separately. However, they actually are different resolution results of the same phonic phenomenon: the vowel hiatus, that is, the appearance of two consecutive vowels belonging to different syllables. Thus, the quantity metathesis, the lengthening in composition or «Wackernagel’s lengthening», the «temporal augment» and the evolution -ιος > -ις and ιον-ιον > -ιν in the Greek of Egypt and in the rest of the koine language, are but manifestations, in different chronological stages, of the same phenomenon with clear parallels in other languages.
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En este artículo se intenta ejemplificar la importancia de contrastar los datos e interpretaciones procedentes de análisis internos, dentro de los estudios sobre la lingüística del griego antiguo, con los datos y conclusiones procedentes del análisis de fenómenos equivalentes en los estudios de tipología lingüística. También, a la inversa, se intenta mostrar la importancia de consultar los datos del griego antiguo para la interpretación de fenómenos lingüísticos generales, especialmente verificables a lo largo de amplios espacios temporales. Para ello, se recurre, dentro del campo de la fonética y la morfofonología, a la revisión de cuatro fenómenos que acontecen en distintas etapas de desarrollo del griego antiguo y son explicados tradicionalmente
por separado. Sin embargo, responden realmente a diferentes resultados en la resolución de un mismo fenómeno fónico: el hiato vocálico, esto es, la aparición de dos vocales consecutivas que pertenecen a sílabas diferentes. Así, la metátesis de cantidad, el alargamiento en composición o «alargamiento de Wackernagel», el llamado «aumento temporal» y la evolución ιος > -ις e ιον > ιν en el griego de Egipto y en el resto de la koiné, no son sino manifestaciones, en distintas etapas cronológicas, de un mismo fenómeno con claros paralelos en otras lenguas.

The paper is a synchronic description of the vowel system in Pero, a West Chadic language. It has been found that the features high, low, and round are the only distinctive features necessary to describe the underlying vowels. The main characteristic of this vowel system is extensive neutralization of these features, which results in a large number of phonological alternations. The description provides the rules to account for all of the phonological alternations to be found in the ve:rbal system and thus accounts for most of the alternations to be found in the language.

This article seeks to contribute to typology by presenting a formal comparative analysis of repair strategies used to resolve vowel hiatus in ciNsenga and chiShona. In these two languages, hiatus resolution is sensitive to phonology and morphosyntax such that hiatus resolution strategies apply differently depending on the phonological and morphosyntactic context. Across the prefix + noun stem boundary and within the Inflectional Stem, V1 undergoes "resyllabification" (Myers 1987:222) in the form of glide formation, secondary articulation and elision. An interlinguistic difference occurs when V2 is MacroStem-initial: in ciNsenga, hiatus resolution is blocked but in chiShona spreading is triggered. We follow Mudzingwa (2010) in proposing that resyllabification in chiShona is blocked at the Prosodic Stem edge by an alignment constraint (ALIGNL-PSTEM) that requires the left edge of a Prosodic Stem to align with the left edge of an onset-full syllable. We argue that resyllabification and glide epenthesis in ciNsenga are blocked when V2 is MacroStem-initial because ALIGN (ROOTVERB, L,σ,L) outranks ONSET and ALIGNL-PSTEM. Crucially, this article demonstrates that whilst vowel hiatus resolution is categorical in chiShona, it is domain-specific in ciNsenga.

Vowel hiatus is a dispreferred phenomenon in many languages. When vowel sequences arise through  morphophonological concatenations in (isi)Ndebele, hiatus may be resolved in one of three processes: (i) one of the two vowels undergoes elision; (ii) one of the vowels (mostly the first vowel in the sequence) undergoes glide formation; and (iii) the two vowels undergo vowel coalescence – the merging of the two vowels into a neutral vowel that has the qualities of both the two initial vowels straddling a word boundary. This article examines these vowel hiatus resolution strategies in (isi)Ndebele, through the theoretical explications of Optimality Theory (OT) and CV Phonology. In (isi)Ndebele, the featural qualities of the two vowels straddling a word boundary and the morphological contexts at which the hiatal configurations occur determine what process repairs vowel hiatus. Hiatus resolution is also invariably ONSET and feature driven: driven by Preferred Syllable Structure Rules( PSSRs) and constraints.

This article examines the morphophonological environments in which vowel sequences occur in Chichewa and explains the synchronic hiatus resolution strategies that are employed in this language to remove these dispreferred vowel cluster configurations. This investigation demonstrates that the major motivation for resolving hiatal configurations in Chichewa, like in many other Bantu languages, is to maintain the preferred canonical consonant-vowel (CV) syllable structure. The analysis of data used in this study is mainly couched within the theoretical explications of Optimality Theory (OT) as enunciated by Prince and Smolensky (1991, 1993), McCarthy and Prince (1999), Archaengeli and Langendoen (1997), and Kager (1999); Distinctive Feature Theory as discussed by Chomsky and Halle (1968) as well as the generative CV-phonology model of syllable structure as discussed by Clements and Keyser (1983). This article argues for vowel-feature sensitive repair of hiatal configuration in Chichewa. Observing such a vowel-feature sensitive based repair of hiatal configuration analysis, which this article argues to be largely ONSET motivated/triggered and the featural properties of the phonological structures of the language under study, the language’s reactions to such dispreferred vowel clusters and its phonotactics are here examined. Repair strategies for such hiatus configurations are discussed, including glide formation, consonantal and/or glide insertions, vowel deletion and coalescence. The analysis adopted here implies that the resolution hiatus arises from incompatibilities in the features of the vowels straddling a word boundary. It argues that these repair strategies are largely motivated by language internal constraint ranking systems which in many Bantu languages seem to largely prefer the preservation of [−] features over [+] features, i.e. the ranking [−F]≫[+F].

This paper argues for context and vowel-feature sensitive repair of hiatal configuration in isiNdebele, a Bantu language largely spoken in southern parts of Zimbabwe as well as parts of South Africa. Bantu languages by and large phonologically and/or phonetically repair vowel hiatus configurations arising from both phonological and morphophonological concatenations. The phonology of isiNdebele seems to largely favour an analysis that does not permit the surface realisation of clusters of segments of the form VV (vowel-vowel clusters). Observing such an analysis, which this paper argues to be largely ONSET motivated/triggered and the featural properties of the phonological structures of the languages under study, their reactions to such disprefered vowel clusters and their phonotactics are here examined within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) as enunciated by Prince and Smolensky (1991, 1993), McCarthy and Prince (1999), Archangeli (1997) and Kager (1999) as well as Distinctive Features as discussed by Chomsky and Halle (1963). Repair strategies for such configurations such as glide formation, consonantal and/or glide insertions, vowel deletion and coalescence are discussed. The analysis adopted here implicates that the resolution of these disprefered configurations arises from incompatibilities in the features of the vowels straddling a word boundary. It argues that these repair strategies are largely motivated by language internal constraint ranking systems which in Bantu languages seem to largely prefer the preservation of [-] features over [+] features i.e. the ranking [-F]»[+F]

1. El fenómeno conocido con el nombre de metátesis de cantidad ofrece diversas dificultades en el cuadro general del vocalismo jónico-ático. En primer lugar, como es sabido> la metátesis cuenta con pocos paralelos en la fonética diacrónica general, y tan sólo se mencionan hechos semejantes en islandés antiguo 1 Con respecto a la cronología absoluta, sólo es posible establecer que este cambio es anterior a los primeros textos y a los poemas homéricos, es decir, sólo se posee un tenninus ante quetn con seguridad. La coincidencia del jónica y del ático en presentar hechos semejantes ha inducido a postular una datacián en la época de comunidad> en un período anterior a la migración jonia y. por tanto, próximo al II milenio z No obstante, las observaciones procedentes de la lengua de los poemas épicos favorecen más bien una datación reciente> y, en este sentido, se ha postulado el siglo VII como época más verosímil para la cronología de este rasgo~. * Quiero expresar mi agradecimiento al prof. M. S. Ruipérez, por haberme permitido utilizar sus observaciones sobre la retroversión ática, así como por sus críticas y sugerencias en numerosos puntos de este trabajo. 1 cf. M. Lejeune, Phon¿tique historique du mydnien cf du gree anclen ', París, 1972, 256. 2 C. 3. Ruijgh, «Observations sur la metathése de quantité», Lingua, 21, 1968, 382-399. 3 A. Hoekstra, Bomerie Modifications of Fonnsdaic Prototypes. Stu¿dies in the Development of Greek Bpic Diclion, Amsterdam, 1965, 3141, 124-130. En el 14 En este mismo sentido es posible aducir el genitivo de yp«C~en Atico, vp&óc (<*yparác;>, a diferencia de jón. y hom. yp~ó~; cf. L. Lupa~, Phonota-XII. -13

Against the traditional explanation of the initial vowel’s lengthening in second
member of compound, the so called «Wackernagel’s Law of lengthening», it is possible a different proposal, already suggested in some places to try to explain the law. According to this analysis, a process of elision or glide formation and compensatory lengthening, instead of, or alongside, the primitive vowel contraction and subsequent analogical extension of its result proposed by Wackernagel should be recognized. This process of vowel hiatus resolution has parallels in other languages, and allows a more suitable study of the available examples.