Prosodic phonology

Mixtec languages are well known for their complex tonal sandhi. I show that in many cases this is the result of tone shift to the right.
The thesis also contains a description of the tonal and other prosodic phenomena for one of the Mixtec languages

Persian Meters are based on the patterns of long (–) and short (U) syllables. The most important and difficult problem of the Persian prosody has been the coding and classification of meters since ancient times. Prosodist invented many methods to classify Persian Meter but  their method aren’t perfect. The most disadvantage of their method are: Complexity , Non-scientific  method, Unable to classify all posible meter, Unable to define unique Code for every meter. An ideal classification must be: Comprehensiveness (Capable of coding and classify all possible meters), Unique and Simple Code for Meter,  Simplicity, based on scientific rule. Author use a mathematical method (Binary Prosody) for coding (Bianry Meter Coding) and classifing (Binary Family-Meter). Binary Coding convert any poems meters to a hexadecimal code and then classifying it based on this code. It is a mathematical method and one can code and categorize all the rhythms. For example, the rhythm of «بنی‌آدم اعضای یکدیگرند» is “- U - - U -  -U - - U “ and it can be converted to “10110110110”. This binary string (including 0 and 1) can be converted to the hexadecimal number of #5B6. In other words, every poem rhythm has a unique code. After that Binary Family-Meter method classify this string to #6/3/11 as Binary Family-Meter Code.
The advantages of this method are: Scientific method, A unique code for any rhythm, Simplicity, Universality (not being depended on a unique culture or language).

Studies on the teaching of intonation are not new. They have actually represented an area of interest since the beginning of the 20th century up to the latest works by authors following different approaches such as . More recently, there has been growing interest in computer assisted learning (Chun , 2013) ) and applications in commercial products . In this contribution we provide a preliminary study which considers the degree of correlation between the intonation curves of L2 English learners and English native speakers in order to explore variation and to evaluate the potential proximity between different samples. The ultimate goal is to test a set of techniques designed to optimise a computer assisted program for second language intonation learning which have been developed for prosodic variation assessment (Cauvin 2017, De Iacovo 2019).

This chapter addresses some long-standing contradictions in the phonology and typology of preaspiration, reassessing the prosodic status of this phenomenon and arguing that its traditional representation in the literature does not align with cross-linguistic phonetic and phonological patterns. Contra the commonly held assumption that preaspiration is a laryngeal property of the following segment (and thus a kind of mirrored postaspiration), preaspiration is shown to be prosodically associated to a preceding syllable in all attested cases, separately from the following segment. I argue that preaspiration consistently bears moraic weight, and that this property renders it indistinguishable in most cases from a discrete coda [h] segment. This is supported by a subset of a larger typological survey; 15 languages across four families are described, where preaspiration is shown to be consistently weight-bearing or otherwise associated with the preceding syllable. Given this prosodic patterning, I propose that preaspiration is a phonological length-preserving strategy akin to compensatory vowel lengthening, and that it is not necessarily dependent on the [spread glottis] status of the following consonant. The typology supports this, showing that preaspiration may sometimes appear before both aspirated and unaspirated consonants, or before a consonant with no contrastive laryngeal specification. This typological overview and reassessment of preaspiration requires us to revisit what is "rare" about preaspiration, if anything.

In this paper, we examine the statistical correlation between dialects and pitch accent distribution in Breton. Assuming that the domain of pitch accent distribution corresponds to a specific phonological domain (Jun 2005, 2014; Hellmuth 2007; Frota & Prieto 2015), we further investigate whether there exists a dialectal difference in the phonological domain governing pitch accent distribution. Finally, we explore whether the observed statistical correlation between pitch accent density and dialectal variation might reflect an underlying causal relationship.

This presentation addresses the following questions regarding prosodic prominence in Hindi for resolution :
• What is the pattern of prominence in phonological phrases in Hindi?
• How is phrasal prominence manifested on the surface in Hindi?
The data from prosodic phonology and intonational phonology of Hindi and some other Indic languages lead to the following conclusion: “Modifier-first ordering is typical of Indian languages generally…” ( Donegan and Stampe 1983)

This work proposes a presumably complete syntactic structure of the noun phrase (NP) in Spanish, which includes the maximal projections nP (little n phrase), PossP (possessive phrase), NumP (numeral phrase), DP (determiner phrase), and QP (quantifier phrase).

Cómo citar: Arellanes Arellanes, Francisco. 2025. Estructura de la frase nominal en español con una breve referencia al inglés y al zapoteco de San Pablo Güilá.

This article aims to analyse the minimal size of Banjarese prefixes, a language native to people in South Kalimantan. In written form, most prefixes exist in the open syllable form, though there are some that exist in the closed syllable form. Data gathered through a word list method has shown that Banjarese prefixes seem to take the same form, which is monosyllabic bimoraic. This size is satisfied through two different processes, namely vowel lengthening and glottal insertion. Vowel lengthening happens when a prefix is followed by a root with an initial consonant segment. On the other hand, glottal insertion happens when a prefix is followed by a root with an initial vowel segment. Since most Banjarese prefixes are open syllables, a sequence of adjacent vowels (one from the prefix and one from the root) known as vowel hiatus will emerge. In order to overcome this vowel hiatus, a glottal segment is inserted between these two vowels. From this analysis, it is shown that Banjarese is one of the languages that applies size restrictions to its prefixes. Stem-affix complementarity is also being shown by this language when the way minimal size is satisfied is determined by the initial segment of the root. This study is hoped to add some value to the previous studies as well as become a pioneer for upcoming studies.

We examine the frequency of a number of phonological units and patterns in European Portuguese, computed over tokens and over types, in adult speech, and compare it with the frequency and/or order of emergence of those units and patterns in children's early speech. We conclude that, whenever frequency information based on tokens and on types does not converge, it is always the frequency computed over tokens that correlates with the frequency patterns and/or order of emergence of those units/patterns in child speech. This investigation contributes to the understanding of the role of frequency in language acquisition, in addition to providing new frequency data for Portuguese. Keywords/Palavras-chave: type frequency, token frequency, acquisition of phonology / frequência em types, frequência em tokens, aquisição da fonologia * Este estudo foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projecto FreP: Padrões de Frequência na Fonologia do Português -Investigação e Aplicações, PTDC/LIN/70367/2006. Gostaríamos de agradecer aos bolseiros do projecto, Marisa Cruz e Nuno Matos, pela colaboração na aferição atempada dos níveis de fiabilidade da ferramenta FreP apresentados na secção 2, bem como a Mary Beckman, que nos colocou recentemente uma questão que entroncava precisamente no tópico aqui investigado, mais concretamente, quais os dados de frequência que contam para o estabelecimento da restrição de palavra mínima. Agradecemos também a todos os colegas que nos cederam corpora para análise de frequência, em particular Fernanda Bacelar e Tiago Freitas.

The frequency of various phonological patterns in prosodic words (PW) and phonological clitics (CL) was systematically inspected in a corpus of European Portuguese containing ca. half a million words. Clear differences were found between the two types of words in the use of the segmental inventory of the language (in stressless position), in the frequency of individual segments, in syllable types, in the (proportion of) allowed word shapes, and in the token/type distribution, a.o.. Given the known ability of infants to process statistical patterns in the language input, it is proposed that the frequency of phonological patterns should be added to the set of aspects that may play a role in the acquisition of the distinction between PWs and CLs, which in turn can be seen as a precursor of the distinction between lexical and function words.

The Law of Continuous Dichotomy (LCD) has formed the basis of the most influential scholarship on the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā since William Wickes formalised it in the late 19th century, and it remains today the dominant analytical model for describing the function and structure of this Masoretic system of notation. While Dresher’s seminal 1994 article establishes a prosodic basis for the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā, adherence to the LCD as an analytical framework has hindered scholarship in the field—modern prosodic theory is entertained only insofar as it validates the LCD. In this chapter, it is argued that the graphemes of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā fundamentally represent natural, spoken language phenomena of liturgical Tiberian Hebrew. Consequently, the LCD—a pretheoretical, diagrammatic, text-based model—is an inadequate analytical framework for describing the features, structures, and functions of the system. While the LCD may provide a roadmap for reconstructing the sequences of ṭǝʿāmîm within a verse, it is not designed to identify and explain natural speech phenomena. Accordingly, a complete departure from the LCD in favour of prosodic phonology is necessary in order to investigate and describe the characteristic features of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā as a prosodic system that integrates melody, stress, segmentation, and meaning. Of course, Wickes (1881, 1887), Breuer (1958, 1989), and others explained the data of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā prior to and without the benefit of cross-linguistic research in prosodic phonology, which began in earnest in the 1970s. Their valuable contributions stand on their own merits in the context of their time. However, to persist in using the LCD as an analytical framework for the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā today is to eschew a discipline dedicated to the study of the very features the accentual system is widely acknowledged to represent.

In questo intervento si illustrano i risultati di un rilevamento linguistico realizzato nel 2024 su un campione di studenti della Facoltà di Lettere dell’Università di Palermo. Sono stati loro proposti alcuni modi di dire in lingua italiana e in italiano regionale per identificare le parole per le quali il referente risulta fragile sul piano semantico o in alcuni casi risulta opaco a causa della perdita di significatività referenziale. Per ciascuna espressione si fornisce un’analisi motivazionale e si analizza l’evoluzione semantica in riferimento alla percezione e all’uso.

This chapter presents an analysis of the prosodic and intonational structure of Czech within the Autosegmental-Metrical framework. It defines Czech as a head/edgeprominence language and argues for the existence of accentual phrases as well as pitch accents. Furthermore, on the basis of different sentence types, it describes the pitch accents and boundary tones found in the language that account for the phonological contrasts present in it.

In der niederländischen und deutschen Dialektologie geht man davon aus, dass die Rheinische Akzentuierung oder Polytonie charakteristisch für sämtliche Mundarten innerhalb eines weiten limburgisch-mittelfränkischen Bogens ist, der der Sprachgrenze westlich der Stadt Tongern angeheftet ist, sich nördlich von Duisburg über den Rhein spannt und im Saarland seinen südlichen Berührungspunkt mit der Sprachgrenze hat. Südlich von Maastricht umriss der Referent aber im Jahre 2000 ein beiderseits der Maas (und der belgisch-niederländischen Staatsgrenze) gelegenes etwa 50 qkm großes Areal, in dem die Polytonie kein phonologisch relevantes Merkmal ist. Auf Grund diachronischer und synchronisch-diatopischer Vokalanalysen muss diese Polytonieabsenz in erster Linie als strukturbedingter Polytonieschwund erklärt und nicht etwa sprachexternen Prozessen (sprich: Dialektizitätsverlust) zugeschrieben werden.

This chapter briefly discusses the important C++ concepts that will be used throughout the book. Computer software has become a driving force in all kinds of activities. With each passing day more and more systems are controlled by software. The ever increasing demand has resulted in exponential increase in size and complexity of software systems, requiring better techniques and practices to develop software for these systems. Software engineering is the study and practice of these techniques and tools. IEEE defines software engineering as: 1. The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software. 2. The study of approaches as in 1. Broadly speaking, software goes through three phases in its lifetime. These are: (1) development, (2) operation and maintenance, and (3) retirement. Looking from this perspective, we can say that, software engineering mainly targets the activities corresponding to the first two phases of the software lifetime. Let us discuss these activities briefly. Development, as the name suggests, means the phase in the life of the software when it is being built. The development phase can be broken down into many different sub-activities. These include gathering and analyzing requirements (what is to be built), designing the system (how to build it), coding (actually building it), and then testing to ensure that the software achieves the desired objectives.

In this article, we examine the typological differences in the position of the word stress in two languages of Standard Spoken Persian and Modern Standard Arabic. First, based on typological studies, we show that both Persian and Arabic are among the languages in which the stress position of a word can be predicted based on phonological considerations-in contrast to languages such as English and Russian, in which the stress position of a word cannot be predicted based solely on phonological considerations, and in order to determine the stress position, morphological, lexical, and historical information is also needed. We then argue that in languages where the position of the word stress is predictable, stress cannot be contrastive, meaning that in these languages, simply changing the stress position in a word does not change the meaning of the word and minimal stress pairs do not arise; in this sense, stress in a word is non-contrastive in both Persian and Arabic. We then show that although both Persian and Arabic languages have predictable and non-contrastive word stress, there is a huge difference between them, namely that the location of the stressed syllable in Persian is always on the final syllable of the word and the weight or quantity of the syllables of the word has no effect on the location of the stress, but the location of the stressed syllable in modern standard Arabic words varies depending on the weight or quantity of the syllables of the word.

مقایسهٔ تکیهٔ کلمه در فارسی و عربی

امید طبیب‌زاده، «مقایسهٔ تکیهٔ کلمه در فارسی و عربی»، در: دوفصل‌نامهٔ علمی-پژوهشی زبان و زبان‌شناسی، دورهٔ ۲۰، شمارهٔ ۴۰، پاییز و زمستان ۱۴۰۳، ۱-۲۴.

وضع تکیهٔ کلمه در فارسی گفتاری با وضع تکیهٔ کلمه در عربی فصیح تشابه‌ها و تفاوت‌های بسیاری دارد. مثلاً اسم «حُسین» در هر دو زبان با تکیه روی هجای پایانیِ کلمه (ـسین) ادا می‌شود، اما اسم «حَسَن» در فارسی با تکیه روی هجای پایانی (ـسَن) و در عربی با تکیه روی هجای آغازین آن (حَـ ) ادا می‌شود!
در این مقاله کوشیده‌ام ضمن توصیف نظام‌های تکیه‌ی واژگانی در فارسی گفتاری و عربی فصیح از حیث رده‌شناختی، این دو نظام را با هم مقایسه کنم، تشابه‌ها و تفاوت‌های آنها را شرح دهم، و از تداخل‌های احتمالی این دو نظام خاصه برای فارسی‌زبانان سخن بگویم.

این مقاله را به دوست و استاد عزیز و ارجمندم سرکار خانم دکتر گلناز مدرسی قوامی تقدیم کرده‌ام، با آرزوی سلامتی و بهروزی ایشان.

Elemente der Hervorhebung: der Wortakzent - Elemente der Dauer: die Silbenquantität - Elemente der Taktfolge: der Rhythmus - Elemente der Tondifferenzierung: der Iktus - Vortragstheorien - Spätantike, Mittelalter und Neuzeit - Lösungsaspekte.

Prosodic Analysis: a retrospect over four decades Pre-fmal focus accents in English: a comparative study The domain of gemination in Malayalam The velar labials in ChiDigo (Bantu) J. R. Firth's 'first impressions' of Tibetan pronunciation On the non-equivalence of fundamental frequency and pitch in tonal description Glottalised tones in China and South-East Asia Progress in tone sandhi analysis Notes on tone alternation in Maru verbs Lost syllables and tonal contour in Dzongkha Some remarks on Lepcha vowels Nasality as a prosody in Loloish Reflexes of the Tibeto-burman *-t directive suffix in Dumi Rai .J DILLER, Anthony V.N. and Deictic derivation in Thai vi' JUNTANAMALAGA, Preecha J CAUGHLEY, Ross C.

Central Standard Russian is well-known for its vowel reduction in two degrees: the immediately pretonic vowel is much less reduced than vowels in other unstressed positions, both in quality and in quantity, at least when the allophone is a low vowel. This two-degree reduction is expressed clearly in speech from Central Russia, but earlier studies suggest a smaller difference between the degrees in non-central areas. We measured vowel duration and quality of unstressed /a, o/ in two modern urban Russian varieties: in read speech from 26 adolescents in Moscow (Central Russia) and Perm (Ural region). The Moscow speakers make a sharp distinction between the two degrees in both quantity (duration) and quality (F1), but we found only small, not statistically significant differences in Perm. Perm speech might lack phonological two-degree reduction altogether, in which case two-degree reduction is not a general feature of modern Russian urban speech.

German, Dutch, and English nickname formation is examined using a contrastive corpus of nicknames which were found in the online profiles of amateur athletes and are compared with the same individuals’ first and last names. We study the word formation and word creation of nicknames, either based on the athletes’ legal names or coined freely, pointing out parallels and divergences between the three languages. Two prototypes are identified crosslinguistically as relevant bases for output schemas: disyllabic trochees ending in -i (cf. German Conni, Dutch Passie, English Thanny) and monosyllabics ending in a closed syllable containing a single sonorant (Sash, Bous, Maze). These structures are then interpreted in terms of preferred sound patterns and sex marking. Dutch turns out in many respects to hold an intermediate position between German and English.

This paper reviews the relative clause studies of Pitcher (2020, see also 2017, 2021) and Locatell and Habib (2023), which examine the distribution of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā within overtly-headed relative clauses in the Tiberian Hebrew Reading Tradition. Relative clauses provide a prime domain for exploring the syntax-semantics-prosody interface because the semantics of restriction has been shown to exhibit different prosodic formats. Crucially, Birkner’s (2012) empirical study on the prosodic formats of overtly-headed German relative clauses demonstrates that “the prosodic form of relative clause structures in spoken language is more heterogeneous than is presented in grammar books, complying neither with dichotomous semantics nor with the two postulated prosodic formats” (2012:20). Pitcher’s relative clause studies are rooted in an analysis of the accentual graphemes as a representation of natural, spoken language phenomena, rather than the textual feature of punctuation (2020, 2023, forthcoming). Pitcher (2020, 2023) proposes that the accentual graphemes are organized to iconically indicate the intonational contours and phrase structure of the orally-performed biblical text. These attributes of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā are proposed in accordance with the features and functions that the ṭǝʿāmîm share with the prosodic systems of modern languages. In contrast, Locatell and Habib’s 2023 SBL paper entitled ‘Tiberian טעמים and the Restrictive/Appositive Distinction of Relative אשר’ does not take a position on whether the ṭǝʿāmîm represent oral or textual features. Rather, their study adopts the most rudimentary function of the accents as either joining or separating words in a verse along with the conceptual framework of the LCD to interpret the patterns of distribution of the ṭǝʿāmîm in relative clauses. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the linguistic discipline of prosodic phonology provides greater explanatory power than an LCD-based analysis for understanding and interpreting the features, structures, and functions of the ṭaʿămê hammiqrā and their patterns of distribution within relative clauses.

Editor's note:
Journal of Phonetics and Phonology of Iranian Languages
The growth of phonetics and phonology studies, and the need to pay more attention to this part of linguistic studies about Persian and Iranian languages, led me to propose the establishment of a specialized journal titled Phonetics and Phonology of Iranian Languages to Professor Mohammad Dabir Moghaddam, the Deputy for Science and Research of the Academy of Language, Literature and Persian. He generously accepted my proposal and it was decided to publish the first issue of the journal as a special issue in one of the supplements to the Academy's journal Nameh-e Farhangestan. I am very happy that the first issue of this journal is being published as a special issue in the Journal of Iranian Languages and Dialects, and I hope that with the cooperation of researchers in phonetics and phonology, we will be able to continue its publication. Here, I thank my colleagues who kindly provided me with all their valuable articles for publication in the first issue of the journal. I am also grateful to Dr. Mohammad Reza Turki, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Nameh-e Farhangestan, and Dr. Majid Tamme, deputy director of the Iranian Languages and Dialects Department, who did kindly their best to publish this issue.
Omid Tabibzadeh

سر مقاله
ویژه‌نامهٔ آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی زبان‌های ایرانی
رشد روزافزون مطالعات آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی در دنیا، و ضرورت توجه هرچه بیشتر به این بخش از مطالعات زبان‌شناسی دربارهٔ زبان فارسی و زبان‌های ایرانی، سبب شد تا تأسیس مجله‌ای تخصصی با عنوان آواشناسی و واج‌شناسی زبان‌های ایرانی را به استاد ارجمندم، جناب آقای دکتر محمد دبیرمقدم، معاونت محترم علمی و پژوهشی فرهنگستان زبان و ادب و فارسی، پیشنهاد کنم. ایشان با گشاده‌رویی بسیار پیشنهاد بنده را پذیرفتند و به صلاح‌دید ایشان قرار شد که شمارهٔ نخست مجله را به‌صورت ویژه‌نامه در یکی از ضمیمه‌های مجلهٔ نامهٔ فرهنگستان منتشر کنیم و درصورت موفقیت در گردآوری مقالات علمی در این موضوع، کار انتشار آن را به صورت دوفصلنامهٔ مستقل ادامه دهیم. اینک بسیار خوشحالم که نخستین شمارهٔ این مجله به‌صورت ویژه‌نامه در مجلهٔ زبان‌ها و گویش‌های ایرانی منتشر می‌شود و امیدوارم با همکاری استادان و پژوهشگران آواشناس و واج‌شناس، بتوانیم کار انتشار آن را پیش ببریم. در اینجا لازم می‌دانم از استادان و همکاران دانشمندم که با مهربانی تمام مقالات ارزشمند خود را برای انتشار در نخستین شمارهٔ مجله در اختیار بنده گذاشتند سپاسگزاری کنم. همچنین قدردان جناب آقای دکتر محمدرضا ترکی، سردبیر مجلهٔ نامهٔ فرهنگستان، و جناب آقای دکتر مجید طامه، معاون گروه زبان‌ها و گویش‌های ایرانی، هستم که از هیچ تلاشی برای انتشار هرچه بهتر این شماره فروگذار نکردند.
امید طبیب‌زاده

In this article, we have talked about a continuum of diglossic situation in Persian language in Iran: high verity (literary eloquent language), and the low verity (the standard spoken language). This article consists of three parts. In the first part, we have talked about the general similarities between spoken Persian and literary Persian in terms of such factors as the lexical stress placement, pitch accent, and some cases that are contrary to the general rule of main stress. In the second part, based on a typological model (Gordon 2016), the typological differences of these two stress systems have been discussed and it has been shown that Persian spoken words belong to the category of quantity-insensitive systems with fixed final main stress without secondary stress, but the Persian literary words however, belong to the category of quantity-sensitive systems for secondary stress and having a final fixed main stress. And finally, in the third part, first the metrical parameters in Persian words has been discussed based on Hayes' metrical parameters (1981) and then a description of the metrical structures of Persian words in both varieties of this language has been given based on Hayes' metrical stress theory (1995). In this part, we have shown that spoken Persian words have neither binary feet nor secondary stresses, and that each phonological word has to be considered as an independent foot, but literary Persian words do have iambic rhythm, even-duration and repetitive binary quantity- sensitive and right-dominant feet.
در این مقاله از وجود پیوستاری از دوزبان‌گونگی در زبان فارسی ایران سخن گفته‌ایم که در منتهی‌الیه یک سمت آن فارسی شمردۀ ادبی (یا شعری) و در سوی دیگرش فارسی گفتاری قرار دارد. سپس بحث کرده‌ایم که گونۀ ادبی فارسی در مقام فراگونه، و گونۀ گفتاری در مقام فروگونه، دارای نظام‌های تکیه‌ای متفاوتی هستند، و بی‌توجهی به این تفاوت‌، و یا خلط آنها با هم در پژوهش‌های آواشناسان و واج‌شناسان، باعث بروز توصیف‌های متناقضی از نظام تکیۀ فارسی شده است. این مقاله مشتمل بر سه بخش است. در بخش نخست از مشابهت‌های کلی تکیه در دو گونۀ فارسی گفتاری و فارسی ادبی از حیث محل تکیۀ اصلی، تکیۀ زیروبمی و موارد خلاف قاعده سخن گفته‌ایم؛ در بخش دوم براساس مدل رده‌شناسی متیو گوردون (2016) تفاوت‌های رده‌شناختی این دو نظام تکیه‌ای را شرح داده‌ایم و به این نتیجه رسیده‌ایم که کلمات گونۀ گفتاری فارسی به ردۀ نظام‌های غیرحساس‌به‌کمیت با تکیۀ ثابت پایانی تعلق دارد، اما کلمات گونۀ ادبی فارسی متعلق به ردۀ نظام‌های دارای تکیۀ اصلی ثابت پایانی و تکیه‌های ثانوی نامقید و حساس به کمّیت است. و بالاخره در بخش سوم پس از توضیح مختصری دربارۀ مؤلفه‌ها وزنی کلمات فارسی براساس آراءِ هیز (1981)، کوشیده‌ایم تا در چهارچوب نظریۀ تکیۀ وزنی بروس هیز (1995) توصیفی از ساختمان وزنی کلمات فارسی در هر دو گونۀ این زبان به دست دهیم. در این بخش بحث کرده‌ایم که کلمات فارسی گفتاری فاقد پایه‌های دوتایی و تکیه‌های ثانوی هستند و هر کلمۀ واجی خود یک پایۀ مستقل محسوب می‌شود، اما کلمات فارسی گونۀ ادبی دارای ریتم آیمبی، پایه‌های دوتاییِ ناهم‌دیرش و تکرارشونده و حساس‌به‌کمّیت و راست‌گرا هستند.

Resumen: A partir de un análisis pormenorizado de los 350 binomios irreversibles del español que aparecen recogidos en Almela Pérez (2006), en este artículo se revisan las propiedades fonológicas que caracterizan este tipo de estructuras coordinadas en español, una investigación inédita hasta la fecha. El artículo, encabezado por una revisión exhaustiva de la bibliografía especializada, se centra en las características prosódicas, métricas, rítmicas y fonotácticas de los binomios. La investigación propuesta se muestra relevante no solo por la escasez de trabajos focalizados en este tema en español, sino porque las distribuciones estructurales observadas en los binomios, no detectables en otros ámbitos, son una ventana que informa del papel de cada uno de los factores aducidos como portadores de peso prosódico (por ejemplo, el número de sílabas o la complejidad de los ataques silábicos) en la fonología del español.

Palabras clave: fonología, peso prosódico y ritmo, orden de palabras, binomios

[en] The phonological properties of Spanish irreversible binomials

Abstract: Based on a detailed analysis of the 350 irreversible binomials in Spanish listed in Almela Pérez (2006), this article reviews the phonological properties that characterize these coordinated structures in Spanish, which is unprecedented research to date. The article focuses on the prosodic, metric, rhythmic, and phonotactic characteristics of these types of binomials. It proves relevant not only due to the scarcity of works focused on this topic in Spanish but also because the structural distributions observed in binomials, undetectable in other areas, shed light on the role of each of the factors cited as carriers of prosodic weight (for example, the number of syllables or the complexity of syllable onsets) within Spanish phonology.

Keywords: phonology, prosodic weight and rhythm, word order, binomials

Many studies have shown the effect of prosodic cues on the
disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences. Following previous
research, this study investigated the prosodic disambiguation of sentences
with different syntactic attachments (low and high attachments) in
Persian. For this purpose, two types of syntactically ambiguous strings
with distinct meanings were examined. Expressions Type 1 was composed
of N1-N2-conj-N3, and Expressions Type 2 was composed of N1-conjN2-Adj. In a speech production experiment, 264 utterances were produced
by 11 female Persian speakers (6 sentences × 2 conditions × 2 repetitions
× 11 speakers). All the target expressions (conjoined noun phrases) were
extracted, word-segmented by hand in Praat software, and subjected to
phonetic analysis. The duration and mean f0 of the segmented words were
measured and compared across two conditions. Differences in
measurements were statistically analyzed by using Independent t-test.
Generally, the outcomes of this paper supported the previous studies. The
speakers resolved the ambiguity by significantly altering their production
of the utterances in ways consistent with the intended meaning and
structure. The statistical comparison revealed a higher pitch excursion on
and a longer duration of the target noun phrases in low attachment
condition as opposed to high attachment one. Specifically, in Expressions
Type 1, the duration of N2, the conjunction, and N3 was longer, and the
mean f0 of the conjunction and N3 was higher in the low attachment
condition. In addition, a pause was produced between N2 and the
conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In Expressions Type 2, N1 and
N2 duration was longer, and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N2 was
higher in the low attachment condition. Moreover, a pause was inserted
between N1 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In sum,
Persian speakers use the insertion of pauses, pre-boundary word
lengthening, post-conjunction word lengthening, and f0 rise for
disambiguation.

Many studies have shown the effect of prosodic cues on the
disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences. Following previous
research, this study investigated the prosodic disambiguation of sentences
with different syntactic attachments (low and high attachments) in
Persian. For this purpose, two types of syntactically ambiguous strings
with distinct meanings were examined. Expressions Type 1 was composed
of N1-N2-conj-N3, and Expressions Type 2 was composed of N1-conjN2-Adj. In a speech production experiment, 264 utterances were produced
by 11 female Persian speakers (6 sentences × 2 conditions × 2 repetitions
× 11 speakers). All the target expressions (conjoined noun phrases) were
extracted, word-segmented by hand in Praat software, and subjected to
phonetic analysis. The duration and mean f0 of the segmented words were
measured and compared across two conditions. Differences in
measurements were statistically analyzed by using Independent t-test.
Generally, the outcomes of this paper supported the previous studies. The
speakers resolved the ambiguity by significantly altering their production
of the utterances in ways consistent with the intended meaning and
structure. The statistical comparison revealed a higher pitch excursion on
and a longer duration of the target noun phrases in low attachment
condition as opposed to high attachment one. Specifically, in Expressions
Type 1, the duration of N2, the conjunction, and N3 was longer, and the
mean f0 of the conjunction and N3 was higher in the low attachment
condition. In addition, a pause was produced between N2 and the
conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In Expressions Type 2, N1 and
N2 duration was longer, and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N2 was
higher in the low attachment condition. Moreover, a pause was inserted
between N1 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In sum,
Persian speakers use the insertion of pauses, pre-boundary word
lengthening, post-conjunction word lengthening, and f0 rise for
disambiguation

Many studies have shown the effect of prosodic cues on the disambiguation of syntactically ambiguous sentences. Following previous research, this study investigated the prosodic disambiguation of sentences with different syntactic attachments (low and high attachments) in Persian. For this purpose, two types of syntactically ambiguous strings with distinct meanings were examined. Expressions Type 1 was composed of N1-N2-conj-N3, and Expressions Type 2 was composed of N1-conj-N2-Adj. In a speech production experiment, 264 utterances were produced by 11 female Persian speakers (6 sentences × 2 conditions × 2 repetitions × 11 speakers). All the target expressions (conjoined noun phrases) were extracted, word-segmented by hand in Praat software, and subjected to phonetic analysis. The duration and mean f0 of the segmented words were measured and compared across two conditions. Differences in measurements were statistically analyzed by using Independent t-test. Generally, the outcomes of this paper supported the previous studies. The speakers resolved the ambiguity by significantly altering their production of the utterances in ways consistent with the intended meaning and structure. The statistical comparison revealed a higher pitch excursion on and a longer duration of the target noun phrases in low attachment condition as opposed to high attachment one. Specifically, in Expressions Type 1, the duration of N2, the conjunction, and N3 was longer, and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N3 was higher in the low attachment condition. In addition, a pause was produced between N2 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In Expressions Type 2, N1 and N2 duration was longer, and the mean f0 of the conjunction and N2 was higher in the low attachment condition. Moreover, a pause was inserted between N1 and the conjunction to mark a prosodic boundary. In sum, Persian speakers use the insertion of pauses, pre-boundary word lengthening, post-conjunction word lengthening, and f0 rise for disambiguation.

The goal of this study is to identify the factors involved in phonological phrasing of coordinate structures in Serbian. The established distinct status of root vs. embedded coordinations cross-linguistically is tested in this language, covering various semantic functions clausal coordinators may have. We also provide an account of how structure underlying these types of coordination affects its mapping to phonology, showing that the strength of an intonational phrase (IP) boundary can vary, but is always present if the relevant conjunct/constituent can be syntactically represented as a clause.

A notação formal constitui um dos requisitos essenciais para as abordagens formais em muitas áreas científicas e pode constituir em si mesma um objetivo explícito da descrição científica. Neste trabalho, proceder-se-á a um enquadramento geral da importância da notação para a expressão do pensamento científico, analisando-se algumas das suas características e objetivos. Com base nessa revisão, serão percorridos aspetos essenciais relacionados com o uso da notação formal nos estudos linguísticos e, em particular, em diversos modelos da fonologia (modelos monostratais e multiestratais, modelos derivacionais e não derivacionais). Aceitando-se a fonologia declarativa como um modelo explicativo adequado por conciliar a observação de propriedades fonético-fonológicas com a sua notação simbólica, serão propostas algumas formalizações de restrições fonotáticas do português. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Notação formal. Fonologia declarativa. Formalização fonológica. Fonologia formal.

The phonology of prosody has received little attention in studies of motor speech disorders. The present study investigates the phonology of intonation (nuclear contours) and speech chunking (prosodic phrasing) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a function of medication intake and duration of the disease. Following methods of the prosodic and intonational phonology frameworks, we examined the ability of 30 PD patients to use intonation categories and prosodic phrasing structures in ways similar to 20 healthy controls to convey similar meanings. Speech data from PD patients were collected before and after a dopaminomimetic drug intake and were phonologically analyzed in relation to nuclear contours and intonational phrasing. Besides medication, disease duration and the presence of motor fluctuations were also factors included in the analyses. Overall, PD patients showed a decreased ability to use nuclear contours and prosodic phrasing. Medication improved intonation regardless of disease...

One of the features of Arabic is the distinction between the pharyngeals ʕ / ḥ and the velar/uvular fricatives ġ / ḫ. The present article will focus on a number of Arabic roots containing one of these four consonants. Such a comparison may contribute to further investigations concerning the following two objectives: First of all, to consider the possibility of loanwords in early Arabic, or Semitic, that might explain the existence of two different roots with similar meaning. And, secondly, to take into account the possibility of semantic interference between different roots. Moreover, the question of semantic interference and inner-Semitic loans deserves some attention due to its relevance for etymological considerations.

This article presents and discusses the monumental ‘etymological dictionary’, or ‘lexicon’, al-Muʕǧam alištiqāqī al-muʔaṣṣal, by the late Egyptian professor of Arabic language at al-Azhar University, Muḥammad Ḥasan Ḥasan Gabal (d. 2015), and tries to situate it on the map of positions taken in Arabic and Semitic Studies in the West regarding the question whether or not the triradical roots of the Arabic and Semitic lexicon may have developed, via extension, from earlier biradical ones.

This study investigates the formation of the morphological causative in Moroccan Arabic within the framework of Optimality Theory. The pivotal process involved in this construction is morphological gemination, where the second consonant of the root is doubled (e.g., ktəb ~ kəttəb). A perplexing aspect of this process is its consistent targeting of the second consonant, while excluding ill-formed words such as *kktəb and *ktəbb. In this study, we argue that the linearization of the causative morpheme in MA is governed by phonological well-formedness interacting with the morphological process of causativization, resulting in infixation. This phenomenon exemplifies the Emergence of the Unmarked (McCarthy & Prince 1994; Alderete et al. 1999), where the otherwise inactive markedness constraint *COMPLEX ONSET in the language assumes explanatory prominence. The strength of the analysis proposed here lies in treating the infixal process as an outcome of simple and universal constraints, primarily motivated by demands on prosodic well-formedness, without recourse to language-specific templatic patterns. This approach highlights the implications of phonological constraints in capturing morphological processes and suggests that templatic patterns may emerge from phonological well-formedness rather than being innate to the language.

La existencia de tono fonológico en tsotsil de Carranza, propuesta por Sarles (1966) y Kaufman (1972), ha sido controvertida desde que Herrera (2013, 2014) la rechazó. Con base en evidencia fonética, analizamos la prosodia a nivel de palabra en esta lengua usando tanto acento como tono. Describimos dos clases acentuales léxicas, una que sigue una estructura métrica simple en troqueos silábicos y otra que muestra un tono bajo en la sílaba inicial, tono que interfiere con la estructura métrica debido a la repulsión mutua entre tono bajo y acento. Además, argumentamos que los sufijos acentuados llevan un tono alto léxico y que las cabezas de pie sin tono subyacente reciben un tono alto métrico, lo que hace del tsotsil de Carranza una lengua con interferencias mutuas entre tono y acento. Demostramos que un análisis tonal explica varios aspectos clave de la prosodia de esta variante de tsotsil, especialmente en combinación con la prosodia frasal. También consideramos un análisis alternativo basado en el acento y sin tono, pero argumentamos que la existencia de monosílabos con tonía baja contrastiva hace que un enfoque tonal sea preferible a uno de acento puro.

In this paper, I argue that there exists word stress in Mandarin Chinese, even though it is wellestablished that stress is not perceptually salient, nor is it instrumentally confirmed. The direct evidence comes from the existence of word-level footing in (disyllabic) coordinate compounds (e.g., dà-xiǎo 'big-small: size'), which is in many ways reminiscent of the so-called binominals in English (e.g., bread and butter, trick or treat, etc.) since the word order is not reversible. More specifically, from a corpus of 8,278 coordinate compounds, it is found that the distribution of the phonetic properties is significantly biased towards the initial syllable of the coordinate compounds, namely that (a) onset aspiration, (b) vowel lowness, (c) post-nuclear glides, (d) nasal codas, and (e) Tone 1 (high level tone: 55), suggesting that the disyllabic coordinate compounds do form a metrical constituent, or, a trochaic foot exhibiting a strong-weak stress contour. In other words, the head syllable of a trochaic foot attracts the above-mentioned properties if word order can be flexible (consider a more familiar example from English: bread and butter vs. ?? butter and bread, although the phrase-final word gets stress here). In addition to segmental evidence for footing, I also argue that the so-called neutral tone syllables constitute yet additional evidence for the existence of foot in Mandarin Chinese. Specifically, the well-known vowel reduction, lenition, and so on may result from the lexically-specified extrametricality of neutral tone syllables. I further entertain the possibility that the more-than-binary stress patterns reported in previous impressionistic studies of Beijing Mandarin may well be attributed to gradient vowel reduction in an expanded prosodic structure using analytical constructs such as weakly-layered feet. In conclusion, the present study lends support to the view that the prosodic structure, in particular, foot, is present in all natural languages. Stress is overtly realized in Mandarin Chinese, albeit in a meager, non-canonical fashion.

Everybody agrees that the linear string is cut into a number of chunks that are phonologically relevant in the sense that they delineate the application of phonological processes. Everybody also agrees that chunk definition is done outside of the phonology: the existence of chunks is a prerequisite for phonological computation to run. The question that is addressed on the pages below is whether chunks are defined derivationally, i.e. by cyclic derivation which today is called phase theory, or representationally, i.e. by the constituents of the Prosodic Hierarchy. The two ways of defining chunks are competing for about three decades, but the competition was systematically downplayed, and the theories that are affiliated to each option since the 80s, Lexical Phonology on the derivational and Prosodic Phonology on the representational side, were officially declared to peacefully coexist. That they are in conflict, however, is obvious: Occam commands that there be only one way in which ...

The purpose of this survey is to compare the tonal and prosodic structure of discontinuous nominal phrases in several Indian languages with those of the better studied intonation languages, such as English and German. From a syntactic perspective, the SOV base order and the free constituent order property in nearly all Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Tibeto-Burman languages lead to a fairly rich system of discontinuous NPs of the type involving two independently generated NPs. From a prosodic perspective, the Indian languages discussed in the article are prototypical examples of phrase languages, i.e., the intonation is not dependent on variable pitch accent placement, but is rather based on the existence of prosodic domains, each with a characteristic 'phrasal' intonation. We will see that the division between cohesive and non-cohesive patterns that has been made for intonation languages is blurred in these languages. In line with this observation on prosody, the hierarchy-preserving and hierarchy-inverting discontinuous nominal phrases are not always easy to tell apart syntactically.

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a ocorrência da vírgula nos manuscritos gregos do Novo Testamento e discutir o valor desse símbolo gráfico para a interpretação de Efésios 4, 12. Para tanto, recorremos à pesquisa bibliográfica e realizamos uma análise do texto grego do Papiro 46. Procuramos destacar a função da vírgula e, ao mesmo tempo, abordar a seguinte questão-problema: como os primeiros cristãos poderiam entender o texto do Novo Testamento grego sem sinais de pontuação? Ao responder a essa pergunta, enfatizamos que o contexto pode revelar a semântica e o significado de um texto escrito sem sinais de pontuação. O contexto de uma passagem pode ser mais esclarecedor do que os sinais de pontuação. Além disso, não devemos nos esquecer de que, para os primeiros leitores do Novo Testamento grego, o texto escrito era apenas um suporte para o que estava na memória viva.

La Théorie Usage et Construction (TUC) unifie deux approches fondamentales de la linguistique cognitivo-fonctionnelle: la grammaire de construction et la théorie basée sur l'usage. Elle postule l'émergence progressive des structures langagières via l'utilisation de processus cognitifs ...

This work focuses on the role of prosody in the acquisition of filler syllables during the transition period between the prelinguistic stage and the linguistic stage. A longitudinal approach of two monolingual French children filmed and recorded between the age of fourteen and eighteen months in their home has been chosen. The productions involving a filler syllable during the linguistic stage were identified. Then, they were analysed according to their iambic or trochaic structure, and their global melodic contour. Next, during the prelinguistic stage, syllables that involve phonological and distributional analogies with filler syllables were analysed in the same way. It appeared that in both stages there were a large proportion of iambic structures and simple rising melodic contours.

According to the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC), phasal domains are opaque to further syntactic operations. Some researchers claim that the PIC applies in the phonological component of grammar (i.e., at PF). Others, however, claim that there is no PIC at PF (see Newell 2017 and references therein). I use data from Turkish to provide new arguments against the PIC-at-PF view and conclude that the PIC can only possibly hold in syntax. I show that the PIC-at-PF view is too restrictive, as it makes incorrect predictions about variable prosodic domain formation and optional prosodic variation in Turkish.

There is widespread agreement on the purpose of most of the Syriac accents. Some indicate grammatical features, emotions, or attitudes, while some denote pauses or conjunctions between words. In addition, the accents also symbolize the modulations of the voice. Yet, there is no real consensus on the pausal or conjunctive function of the accents sāmkā, reṯmā, and nāḡōḏā. The present article seeks to shed light on this matter. I explore the two possible functions of these accents by analyzing their placements, arrangements, and prosodic features. I argue for neither a pausal function nor a conjunctive one but for an intonational value only. I focus on the East Syriac tradition of accentuation as represented in the manuscript Mingana syr. 148. The corpus for the investigation is the Peshitta Gospel of Matthew.

This presentation discusses the challenges introductory textbooks in Hispanic linguistics face in order to be effective for teaching undergraduate courses in North America. A proposal to turn those challenges into opportunities is presented at the end.

This paper assumes that we, human being are born with language processors, which distinguishes us from other species. The language processors are assumed to activate with linguistic stimulus or linguistic inputs. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to explain i) how a child learns branching directions for a language or parsing algorithms for a language, by showing what kind of linguistic inputs trigger or feed the learning. i) how a child learn “c-commanding/m-commanding, ” revealing what kind of linguistic inputs are assumed to be the trigger for the learning, arguing that syntactic “long-distance ” binding may not always be prosodically or phonologically “long-distance ” ones. In order to achieve the purpose, I will introduce the Surface X-bar Theory in (2a) derived from Kimball (1973)’s New Node Principle in (1), and Extended Surface X-bar Theory in (3) derived from the Surface X-bar Theory. (1) New Node Principle: The construction of a new node is signaled by the occurrence ...