node-api: fix data race and use-after-free in napi_threadsafe_function

mika-fischer · gabrielschulhof · RafaelGSS · commit 350b0ea895f1 · 2026-01-13T10:04:34.000-03:00
Other threads can still hold a valid handle to the tsfn after finalization if finalization was triggered by - release with napi_tsfn_abort, or - environment shutdown Handle this by: - protecting finalization itself with the mutex - if necessary, delay deletion after finalization to when thread_count drops to 0 - releasing all resources as soon as possible before deletion Fixes: #55706 PR-URL: #55877 Co-Authored-By: Gabriel Schulhof <gabrielschulhof@gmail.com> Reviewed-By: Chengzhong Wu <legendecas@gmail.com>
diff --git a/src/node_api.cc b/src/node_api.cc
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class BufferFinalizer : private Finalizer {
   ~BufferFinalizer() { env()->Unref(); }
 };
 
-class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
+class ThreadSafeFunction {
  public:
   ThreadSafeFunction(v8::Local<v8::Function> func,
                      v8::Local<v8::Object> resource,
@@ -212,11 +212,12 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
                      void* finalize_data_,
                      napi_finalize finalize_cb_,
                      napi_threadsafe_function_call_js call_js_cb_)
-      : AsyncResource(env_->isolate,
-                      resource,
-                      node::Utf8Value(env_->isolate, name).ToStringView()),
+      : async_resource(std::in_place,
+                       env_->isolate,
+                       resource,
+                       node::Utf8Value(env_->isolate, name).ToStringView()),
         thread_count(thread_count_),
-        is_closing(false),
+        state(kOpen),
         dispatch_state(kDispatchIdle),
         context(context_),
         max_queue_size(max_queue_size_),
@@ -230,76 +231,104 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
     env->Ref();
   }
 
-  ~ThreadSafeFunction() override {
-    node::RemoveEnvironmentCleanupHook(env->isolate, Cleanup, this);
-    env->Unref();
-  }
+  ~ThreadSafeFunction() { ReleaseResources(); }
 
   // These methods can be called from any thread.
 
   napi_status Push(void* data, napi_threadsafe_function_call_mode mode) {
-    node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
+    {
+      node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
 
-    while (queue.size() >= max_queue_size && max_queue_size > 0 &&
-           !is_closing) {
-      if (mode == napi_tsfn_nonblocking) {
-        return napi_queue_full;
+      while (queue.size() >= max_queue_size && max_queue_size > 0 &&
+             state == kOpen) {
+        if (mode == napi_tsfn_nonblocking) {
+          return napi_queue_full;
+        }
+        cond->Wait(lock);
       }
-      cond->Wait(lock);
-    }
 
-    if (is_closing) {
+      if (state == kOpen) {
+        queue.push(data);
+        Send();
+        return napi_ok;
+      }
       if (thread_count == 0) {
         return napi_invalid_arg;
-      } else {
-        thread_count--;
+      }
+      thread_count--;
+      if (!(state == kClosed && thread_count == 0)) {
         return napi_closing;
       }
-    } else {
-      queue.push(data);
-      Send();
-      return napi_ok;
     }
+    // Make sure to release lock before destroying
+    delete this;
+    return napi_closing;
   }
 
   napi_status Acquire() {
     node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
 
-    if (is_closing) {
-      return napi_closing;
-    }
+    if (state == kOpen) {
+      thread_count++;
 
-    thread_count++;
+      return napi_ok;
+    }
 
-    return napi_ok;
+    return napi_closing;
   }
 
   napi_status Release(napi_threadsafe_function_release_mode mode) {
-    node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
+    {
+      node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
 
-    if (thread_count == 0) {
-      return napi_invalid_arg;
-    }
+      if (thread_count == 0) {
+        return napi_invalid_arg;
+      }
 
-    thread_count--;
+      thread_count--;
 
-    if (thread_count == 0 || mode == napi_tsfn_abort) {
-      if (!is_closing) {
-        is_closing = (mode == napi_tsfn_abort);
-        if (is_closing && max_queue_size > 0) {
-          cond->Signal(lock);
+      if (thread_count == 0 || mode == napi_tsfn_abort) {
+        if (state == kOpen) {
+          if (mode == napi_tsfn_abort) {
+            state = kClosing;
+          }
+          if (state == kClosing && max_queue_size > 0) {
+            cond->Signal(lock);
+          }
+          Send();
         }
-        Send();
       }
-    }
 
+      if (!(state == kClosed && thread_count == 0)) {
+        return napi_ok;
+      }
+    }
+    // Make sure to release lock before destroying
+    delete this;
     return napi_ok;
   }
 
-  void EmptyQueueAndDelete() {
-    for (; !queue.empty(); queue.pop()) {
-      call_js_cb(nullptr, nullptr, context, queue.front());
+  void EmptyQueueAndMaybeDelete() {
+    std::queue<void*> drain_queue;
+    {
+      node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
+      queue.swap(drain_queue);
     }
+    for (; !drain_queue.empty(); drain_queue.pop()) {
+      call_js_cb(nullptr, nullptr, context, drain_queue.front());
+    }
+    {
+      node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
+      if (thread_count > 0) {
+        // At this point this TSFN is effectively done, but we need to keep
+        // it alive for other threads that still have pointers to it until
+        // they release them.
+        // But we already release all the resources that we can at this point
+        ReleaseResources();
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    // Make sure to release lock before destroying
     delete this;
   }
 
@@ -351,6 +380,16 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
   inline void* Context() { return context; }
 
  protected:
+  void ReleaseResources() {
+    if (state != kClosed) {
+      state = kClosed;
+      ref.Reset();
+      node::RemoveEnvironmentCleanupHook(env->isolate, Cleanup, this);
+      env->Unref();
+      async_resource.reset();
+    }
+  }
+
   void Dispatch() {
     bool has_more = true;
 
@@ -379,9 +418,7 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
 
     {
       node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
-      if (is_closing) {
-        CloseHandlesAndMaybeDelete();
-      } else {
+      if (state == kOpen) {
         size_t size = queue.size();
         if (size > 0) {
           data = queue.front();
@@ -395,7 +432,7 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
 
         if (size == 0) {
           if (thread_count == 0) {
-            is_closing = true;
+            state = kClosing;
             if (max_queue_size > 0) {
               cond->Signal(lock);
             }
@@ -404,12 +441,14 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
         } else {
           has_more = true;
         }
+      } else {
+        CloseHandlesAndMaybeDelete();
       }
     }
 
     if (popped_value) {
       v8::HandleScope scope(env->isolate);
-      CallbackScope cb_scope(this);
+      AsyncResource::CallbackScope cb_scope(&*async_resource);
       napi_value js_callback = nullptr;
       if (!ref.IsEmpty()) {
         v8::Local<v8::Function> js_cb =
@@ -426,17 +465,17 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
   void Finalize() {
     v8::HandleScope scope(env->isolate);
     if (finalize_cb) {
-      CallbackScope cb_scope(this);
+      AsyncResource::CallbackScope cb_scope(&*async_resource);
       env->CallFinalizer<false>(finalize_cb, finalize_data, context);
     }
-    EmptyQueueAndDelete();
+    EmptyQueueAndMaybeDelete();
   }
 
   void CloseHandlesAndMaybeDelete(bool set_closing = false) {
     v8::HandleScope scope(env->isolate);
     if (set_closing) {
       node::Mutex::ScopedLock lock(this->mutex);
-      is_closing = true;
+      state = kClosing;
       if (max_queue_size > 0) {
         cond->Signal(lock);
       }
@@ -501,19 +540,30 @@ class ThreadSafeFunction : public node::AsyncResource {
   }
 
  private:
+  // Needed because node::AsyncResource::CallbackScope is protected
+  class AsyncResource : public node::AsyncResource {
+   public:
+    using node::AsyncResource::AsyncResource;
+    using node::AsyncResource::CallbackScope;
+  };
+
+  enum State : unsigned char { kOpen, kClosing, kClosed };
+
   static const unsigned char kDispatchIdle = 0;
   static const unsigned char kDispatchRunning = 1 << 0;
   static const unsigned char kDispatchPending = 1 << 1;
 
   static const unsigned int kMaxIterationCount = 1000;
 
+  std::optional<AsyncResource> async_resource;
+
   // These are variables protected by the mutex.
   node::Mutex mutex;
   std::unique_ptr<node::ConditionVariable> cond;
   std::queue<void*> queue;
   uv_async_t async;
   size_t thread_count;
-  bool is_closing;
+  State state;
   std::atomic_uchar dispatch_state;
 
   // These are variables set once, upon creation, and then never again, which
diff --git a/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/binding.cc b/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/binding.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#include <js_native_api.h>
+#include <node_api.h>
+#include <node_api_types.h>
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <memory>
+#include <thread>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+template <typename R, auto func, typename... Args>
+inline auto call(const char* name, Args&&... args) -> R {
+  napi_status status;
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<R, void>) {
+    status = func(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    if (status == napi_ok) {
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    R ret;
+    status = func(std::forward<Args>(args)..., &ret);
+    if (status == napi_ok) {
+      return ret;
+    }
+  }
+  std::fprintf(stderr, "%s: %d\n", name, status);
+  std::abort();
+}
+
+#define NAPI_CALL(ret_type, func, ...)                                         \
+  call<ret_type, func>(#func, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+void thread_func(napi_threadsafe_function tsfn) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "thread_func: starting\n");
+  auto status =
+      napi_call_threadsafe_function(tsfn, nullptr, napi_tsfn_blocking);
+  while (status == napi_ok) {
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
+    status = napi_call_threadsafe_function(tsfn, nullptr, napi_tsfn_blocking);
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "thread_func: Got status %d, exiting...\n", status);
+}
+
+void tsfn_callback(napi_env env, napi_value js_cb, void* ctx, void* data) {
+  if (env == nullptr) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "tsfn_callback: env=%p\n", env);
+  }
+}
+
+void tsfn_finalize(napi_env env, void* finalize_data, void* finalize_hint) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "tsfn_finalize: env=%p\n", env);
+}
+
+auto run(napi_env env, napi_callback_info info) -> napi_value {
+  auto global = NAPI_CALL(napi_value, napi_get_global, env);
+  auto undefined = NAPI_CALL(napi_value, napi_get_undefined, env);
+  auto n_threads = 32;
+  auto tsfn = NAPI_CALL(napi_threadsafe_function,
+                        napi_create_threadsafe_function,
+                        env,
+                        nullptr,
+                        global,
+                        undefined,
+                        0,
+                        n_threads,
+                        nullptr,
+                        tsfn_finalize,
+                        nullptr,
+                        tsfn_callback);
+  for (auto i = 0; i < n_threads; ++i) {
+    std::thread([tsfn] { thread_func(tsfn); }).detach();
+  }
+  NAPI_CALL(void, napi_unref_threadsafe_function, env, tsfn);
+  return NAPI_CALL(napi_value, napi_get_undefined, env);
+}
+
+napi_value init(napi_env env, napi_value exports) {
+  return NAPI_CALL(
+      napi_value, napi_create_function, env, nullptr, 0, run, nullptr);
+}
+
+NAPI_MODULE(NODE_GYP_MODULE_NAME, init)
diff --git a/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/binding.gyp b/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/binding.gyp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "targets": [
+    {
+      "target_name": "binding",
+      "sources": ["binding.cc"],
+      "cflags_cc": ["--std=c++20"],
+      'cflags!': [ '-fno-exceptions', '-fno-rtti' ],
+      'cflags_cc!': [ '-fno-exceptions', '-fno-rtti' ],
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/test.js b/test/node-api/test_threadsafe_function_shutdown/test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../../common');
+const process = require('process');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { fork } = require('child_process');
+const binding = require(`./build/${common.buildType}/binding`);
+
+if (process.argv[2] === 'child') {
+  binding();
+  setTimeout(() => {}, 100);
+} else {
+  const child = fork(__filename, ['child']);
+  child.on('close', common.mustCall((code) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(code, 0);
+  }));
+}
